- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
AtC serve as an attribute to a noun (pronoun) in the PC. The noun is called the antecedent of the clause. Attributive relative clauses qualify the antecedent, and attributive appositive clauses disclose its meaning. AR restrictive C restricts the meaning of the A, so it can't be removed without destroying the meaning of the sentence, not separated by a comma (All that I want from you…). Introduced by:
The relative pronouns "who, whose, which, that, as";
The relative adverbs "where, when";
Asyndetically.
AR non-restrictive C gives some additional information about the A without restricting it, often separated by a comma (Mary, who is a friend of mine, is…). Introduced by:
1) The relative pronouns "who, which";
2) The relative adverbs "where, when". The A of the continuative clause (which is a variant of ARNRC) is not one word but a whole clause (Her father was not at home, which was a relief to them).
Attributive Appositive C disclose the meaning of the A, which is expressed by an abstract noun; it's not separated from the Principal C by a comma (She had the idea that he's the one for her). Introduced chiefly by the conjunction "that", occasionally by the conjunction "whether" or by adverbs "how, why".
AdC perform the function of an AM, it can modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb in the PC. They are joined to the PC by means of subordinating conjunctions. An AdC may precede, interrupt (commas are used in both cases) or follow the PC (no commas are used).
AdC of time shows the time of the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions "when, while, whenever, as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that" (We moved here when I was 16) and constructions "scarcely… when, hardly… when,
no sooner… than" (Hardly had they entered the room, when a rain began).
AdC of place shows the place of the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions "where, wherever" (I looked where she pointed).
AdC of cause (reason) shows the cause of the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions "as, because, since, for fear (that)" (in official style also "on the ground that, for the reason that, etc.") (She was so nice because her daughter loved him).
AdC of purpose state the purpose of the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions "that, in order that, so that, lest, etc." (She phoned so that she could hear him).
AdC of condition state the condition which is necessary for the realization of the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions "if, unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, provided, etc." (I'll come if you call me) or joined asyndetically (with inversion in the subordinate clause) (Should you call me today, I'll come).
AdC of concession denotes the presence of some obstacle which nevertheless doesn't hinder the action expressed in the PC. Introduced by the conjunctions and connectives "though, although, as, no matter how, however, whoever, whatever, whichever" (in official style also "notwithstanding that, in spite of the fact that") (I liked the trip though it was very cold).
AdC of result denote the result of the action expressed in the PC. AdC of pure result are introduced by the conjunction "so that" and usually separated from the PC by a comma (The night has come, so that it became really dark), AdC of result with an additional meaning of degree are introduced by the conjunction "that" (the adverb "so" or the demonstrative pronoun "such" then are found in the PC) and are not separated from the PC by a comma (He is so happy that he couldn't say a word).
AdC of manner characterize in a general way the action expressed in the PC, the idea of comparison is often implied. Introduced by the conjunction "as" (She did exactly as he had told her).
AdC of comparison denote an action with which the action of the PC is compared. Introduced by the conjunctions "than, as, as… as, not so… as, as if, as though" (She ate as fast as she could).