- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
D (loose) POTS are those secondary parts which assume a certain grammatical and semantic independence due to their loose connection with the words they modify. It can be due to the position of these words, the way they are expressed, their meaning, or the speaker's desire to make them prominent. In spoken language they are marked by intonation, pauses, and special stresses, in written language they are generally separated by commas or dashes. The detached adverbial modifier (any part of speech used in the function of AM) (In great excitement, she rushed in). An AM expressed by an absolute construction is generally detached (With her voice trembling, she couldn't speak distinctly). The detached attribute can modify not only a common noun as an ordinary attribute does but also a proper noun and a pronoun (It was a large building, some 20 stores high). The detached prepositional indirect object (A big tray was brought, with German plums).
The Independent Elements OTS are words and word-groups which are not grammatically dependent on any part of the sentence. They are:
Interjections ("oh, eh, hallo, good heavens, etc.") (Ah, what a night!);
Direct address (Good morning, children!);
Parenthesis, which either shows the speaker's attitude toward the thought expressed in the sentence or connects a given sentence to another one, or summarizes that which is said in the sentence. It can be expressed by modal words ("indeed, in fact, surely, perhaps, maybe, etc."), adverbs which to a certain extent serve as connectives ("firstly, finally, thus, alas, otherwise, etc."), prepositional phrases ("in a word, by the by, on the one hand, at least, etc.), infinitive and participial phrases ("to be sure, to begin with, generally speaking, etc.").
14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought.
According to the purpose of the utterance there are 4 kinds of SS:
The declarative sentence – states a fact in the affirmative or negative form, the subject precedes the predicate, generally pronounced with a falling intonation. The predicate can have only 1 negation.
The interrogative S – asks a question, formed by means of inversion (the predicate or part of it is placed before the subject): General Q requiring the answer "yes" or "no" and spoken with a rising int., formed by placing auxiliary or modal verb before the subject; Special Q beginning with an interrogative word and spoken with a falling int., the word order is the same as in GQ, but the interrogative word precedes the verb; Alternative Q indicating choice and spoken with a rising int. in the first part and a falling int. in the second; Disjunctive Q requiring the answer "yes" or "no" and consisting of an affirmative statement followed by a negative Q or vice versa, the first part is spoken with a fall and the second with a rise.
The imperative sentence – serves to induce a person to do smth., so it expresses a command (a fall), a request, an invitation (a rise), etc.
The exclamatory sentence – expresses emotion or feeling, often begins with the words "what, how", always in the declarative form, generally spoken with a falling int.
According to the structure SS are divided into:
A two-member sentence has two members (a subject and a predicate). It can be complete (both members are present) and incomplete (elliptical) (one or both members are missing, but can be easily understood from the context).
A one-member sentence has only one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate, one member makes the sense complete, used in descriptions and emotional speech. Mostly expressed by a noun (a nominal sentence) or an infinitive.
An unextended sentence consists only of the primary parts. 2) An extended sentence consists of the subject, the predicate and one or more secondary parts (objects, attributes or AM).