- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
10.The complex object. The cognate object.
The direct and the prepositional indirect object may be simple and complex. The complex object consists of 2 components, of which the 2nd stands in predicate relation to the 1st. The 2 components form an indivisible unit and must be regarded as one part of the sentence. The complex object can be prepositional and non-prepositional. The 1st component is a noun in the common case or in the possessive case, a personal pronoun in the objective case, or a possessive pronoun; the 2nd is an infinitive, a participle, a gerund, a noun, an adjective, a word denoting state, or a prepositional phrase. The complex object can be expressed by a participial or gerundial construction, an Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction and a for-to-Infinitive Construction.
I observed Agnes turn pale.
The cognate object is a special kind of object which has the following peculiarities:
used with intransitive verbs though it has no preposition;
expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or is similar to it in meaning;
almost regularly attended by an attribute.
He died a violent death.
11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence which qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character. An attribute can be either in pre-position or in post-position to the word it modifies.
Ways of expressing:
an adjective;
a pronoun (possessive, demonstrative, defining, interrogative, relative);
a numeral;
a noun;
a prepositional phrase (of-phrase, as a rule);
an adverb;
Participle 1, 2 or a participial phrase;
a prepositional phrase or a prepositional construction with a gerund;
an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or construction;
quotation groups.
An apposition is a special kind of attribute which is expressed by a noun (with/without accompanying words) which characterizes or explains the word modified by giving the person or thing another name. 2 kinds – the close apposition and the loose (detached) apposition. Close – not separated by commas, stands in close connection with the word modified, generally denotes a title, rank, profession, or the name of a person and a noun denoting relationship:
Even Aunt Ann was there.
Sometimes the apposition consists of the preposition of + noun: the city of London.
A loose one – separated by commas, not so closely connected with the noun, has a stress of its own:
Dr. Martin, my friend, is here.
12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Classification: of time, of frequency, of place and direction, of manner, of attendant circumstances, of degree and measure, of cause, of result, of condition, of comparison, of concession, of purpose.
Though they had often bothered him he had never bothered them (frequency).
She is too fond of him to leave him (result).
Ways of expressing:
an adverb;
a noun with/without accompanying words;
a prepositional phrase;
a noun, pronoun, adjective, infinitive, participle,or prepositional phrase with a subordinating conjunction;
a participle or a participial phrase;
Absolute constructions: the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction, The Nominative Absolute Construction, the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction, The Prepositional Absolute Construction;
a prepositional phrase/construction with a gerund;
an infinitive, an infinitive phrase/construction.