- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
The CVP can be modal or aspect.
The CVMP shows whether the action expressed by a non-finite form of the verb is considered as (im)possible, obligatory, desirable, etc. These shades of meaning are expressed by the first component of the P. The CVMP may consist of:
A modal verb and an infinitive (I can prove it);
Modal expressions "to be/to have" + infinitive (I have to work a lot);
A verb with a modal meaning ("to hope, to expect, to try, to wish, etc.") and an infinitive or a gerund (He wanted to show it);
Modal expressions ("to be able, to be obliged, to be anxious, etc.") and an infinitive (I am going to leave today);
Verbs and expressions used in the P of the sentences containing the Subjective Infinitive Construction (He is said to be coming here today).
The CVAP expresses the beginning, repetition, duration, or cessation of the action expressed by the non-finite form of the verb. The verbs are: "to begin, to start, to commence, to fall, to set about, to go on, to keep on, to proceed, to continue, to stop, to give up, to finish, to cease, to come" and an infinitive or a gerund. A repeated action in the past is denoted by the constructions "would" and "used" + infinitive.
Mixed types of the P contain 3 components. They are:
The compound modal nominal predicate (He longed to be her friend)
The compound aspect nominal predicate (I began to feel rather thirsty);
The compound modal aspect predicate (She had to stop acting this way).
7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
The P. agrees with the S in person and number. But in Modern English there's often a conflict between form and meaning. Agreement of the P with the S is restricted to the present tense apart from the verb "to be", because it agrees with the S not only in the present but also in the past.
SINGULAR:
Two or more homogeneous objects expressed by infinitives (To live and to find peace was all he needed);
The sentence beginning with "here" or "there" (In the room there was a small chair and a big table);
Two homogeneous subjects in the singular connected by the conjunctions "not only… but", "neither… nor", "either… or", "or", "nor" (Not only the rain stopped, but the wind also was gone);
Two subjects in the singular connected by the conjunction "as well as" (The album "In Rock" as well as "Machine Head" has contributed a lot into the development of heavy rock);
A subject expressed by a noun modified by two or more attributes connected by "and" when one person, thing or idea is meant (The big, bad and blood-red moon was looking down at the Earth);
The subject expressed by a defining, indefinite, or negative pronoun (Everybody is going to get good marks; There was something pleasant in her words; Nobody leaves the room until I say so);
The subject expressed by the emphatic "it" (Many agree that it is English businessmen who can be trusted);
The title of a book, the name of a newspaper or magazine (even if the noun is in the plural) ("Great Expectations" was written by Dickens);
The subject denoting time, measure, or distance when the noun represents the amount or mass as a whole (Five dollars is not a big sum when we talk about this item);
The subject is expressed by a collective noun denoting a group or collection of similar individuals taken as a whole (mankind, humanity, etc.) (If the mankind is going to see the end of this century, it is bound to survive);
PLURAL:
Two or more homogeneous subjects connected by the conjunction "and" or asyndetically (Her father and mother were completely out of breath);
A subject expressed by a noun modified by two or more attributes connected by "and" when two or more persons, things or ideas are meant (Heavy and light music have their own admirers);
The subject expressed by a collective noun denoting the individuals of the group taken separately (people, infantry, cavalry, gentry, clergy, police, cattle, poultry, jury, etc.) (Hurry up, the police are coming!)
PLURAL OR SINGULAR:
PLURAL OR SINGULAR:
When the subjects of different number connected by the conjunction "not only… but", "neither… nor", "either… or", "or", "nor", the predicate agrees with the one next to it (Neither you nor your sister is to blame; Neither your sister nor you are to blame);
When the subjects of different person and number connected by the conjunction "as well as", the predicate agrees with the one that stands first (The Nile as well as its effluents is amazingly enchanting);
When the subject is expressed by an interrogative pronoun (who, what) the predicate depends on the number of persons the question is referred to (Who is to apply for the job?; Who were the 11 people who won the World Cup in 2006?);
If the subject is expressed by a relative pronoun (who, which, that) the predicate agrees with its antecedent (Mr. Smith, who was engaged, looked worried; He looked into her eyes which were filled with admiration);
With collective nouns (family, committee, crew, army, board, chorus, choir, band, government, party, team, company, etc.) as subject the predicate depends on what is uppermost in the mind, the idea of oneness or plurality (The crew was beginning to play as an experienced band; The family were sitting at the table);