- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
The Subject is the principal part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the 2nd principal part (the predicate) .
Ways of expressing:
a noun in the common case;
a pronoun – personal, demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, possessive, interrogative;
a substantivized adjective or participle;
a numeral
an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or construction;
a gerund, a gerundial phrase or construction;
any part of speech used as a quotation;
a word-group which is one part of the sentence (syntactically indivisible group);
a quotation group.
4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
When the pronoun it is used as the subject it may represent a living being or a thing: then it is a notional subject. In such cases it has the following meanings:
It stands for a definite thing or some abstract idea – the personal it:
The door opened. It was opened by a girl.
It points out some person or thing expressed by a predicative noun, or it refers to the thought contained in a preceding statement – the demonstrative it:
It is John.
When it doesn't represent any living being or thing, it performs a purely grammatical function: then it is a formal subject. Here we must distinguish:
the impersonal it (used to denote natural phenomena, time and distance):
It is cold in winter.
the inroductory (anticipatory) it:
It was curios to observe him.
the emphatic it:
It was he who had saved me.
5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
The P is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing denoted by the S. Grammatically dependent upon the S. The simple P is expressed by a finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form. Generally denotes an action. The compound P consists of 2 parts: a finite verb and some other part of speech. The second component is the significant part.
The compound nominal P denotes the state or quality of the person or thing expressed by the subject (He is tired), or the class of persons or things to which this person or thing belongs (She is a doctor). The CNP consists of a link verb and a predicative (the nominal part of the predicate). The link verb (a verb of incomplete predication) expresses the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, mood, sometimes voice. Most link verbs have partly lost their original concrete meaning (especially "to be") except the following: "to appear, to get, to grow, to continue, to feel, to keep, to look, to turn, to hold, to prove, to loom, to rank, to remain, to run, to seem, to smell, to taste, to fall, to stand, to go, to work".
All the LV are divided into:
1) LV of being and remaining ("to be, to look, to seem, etc."); 2) LV of becoming ("to become, to get, to run, etc.").
The predicative can be expressed by:
A noun in the common (sometimes possessive) case (She was a pretty child);
An adjective (He's very nice);
A pronoun (personal, possessive, negative, interrogative, reflexive, indefinite, defining) (It's me);
A word of the category of state (He's afraid);
A numeral (cardinal & ordinal) (I'm only 22);
A prepositional phrase (The rule was beyond my understanding);
An infinitive, infinitive phrase or construction (My first thought was to embrace her);
A gerund, gerundial phrase or construction (I like playing chess);
Participle 2 or, seldom, adjectivized Participle 1 (He was surprised);
An adverb (It was absolutely enough).
The Objective Predicative expresses the state or quality of the person or thing denoted by the object and is generally expressed by a noun, an adjective, a word denoting state, or a prepositional phrase (He painted the wall white). It doesn't form part of the P, so the P is simple.
A phraseological P is a P expressed by a phraseological unit. They can be:
A momentaneous action expressed by a finite verb which has a great extent lost its concrete meaning and a noun formed from a verb and mostly used with a definite article (to give a push, to have a smoke);
Combinations the second component of which in most cases is an abstract noun used without any article (to get rid, to take care).