- •The use of the Oblique Mood in simple sentences.
- •2.The use of the Oblique Moods in conditional sentences.
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •3.The use of the Oblique Moods in adverbial clauses.
- •4.The use of the Oblique Moods in nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative, attributive, appositive).
- •5.The suppositional Mood and Subjunctive 1.
- •The triple nature of the Participle, its tense and voice distributions.
- •2.The functions of Participle 1 and Participle 2 in the sentence.
- •3.The Objective Participial Construction.
- •4.The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •5.The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •6.The Absolute Constructions without a Participle.
- •7.The double nature of the Gerund, its tense and voice distinctions.
- •8.Predicative Constructions with the Gerund.
- •If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
- •If it denotes a lifeless thing:
- •9.The use of the Gerund in Modern English.
- •10.The functions of the Gerund in the sentence.
- •11.The Gerund and the Participle. The Gerund and the Infinitive. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •12.The double nature of the Infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice distinctions.
- •13.The functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.
- •14.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •15.The Subjective Infinitive Construction. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of articles with common nouns.
- •The use of articles with nouns of materials and abstract nouns.
- •The use of articles with names of persons.
- •The use of articles with geographical names.
- •5.The use of articles with miscellaneous proper names.
- •6.The use of articles in set expressions.
- •7.The use of articles in some syntactic relations.
- •8.The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •9.The use of articles with names of seasons and names of meals.
- •10.The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail, sea, wind.
- •11.The use of articles with the names of diseases, the nouns town, life, weather and the names of languages.
- •12.The use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals.
- •1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
- •2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
- •3.The Subject, ways of expressing the Subject.
- •4.“It” as the subject of the sentence.
- •5.The predicate (simple, compound nominal, expressed by a phraseological unit).
- •6.The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types of predicates.
- •7.Agreement of the predicate with the subject (general notion, rules of agreement).
- •8.Agreement of the predicate with the subject expressed by a syntactic word-group.
- •9.The Object (ways of expressing, kinds of objects, the direct object, the indirect object).
- •10.The complex object. The cognate object.
- •11.The Attribute (ways of expressing, the apposition).
- •12.The adverbial modifier (definition and classification, ways of expressing).
- •13.Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements of the sentence.
- •14.The simple sentence (definition, classification structure).
- •15.The compound sentence (general notion, types of coordination).
- •16.The complex sentence (general notion; subject, predicative, object clauses).
- •17.The complex sentence (attributive and adverbial clauses).
- •18.The rules of the sequence of tenses.
- •19.Indirect speech (general remarks, indirect statements, indirect questions).
- •20.Indirect speech (indirect orders and requests, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations).
1.The Word order in the English sentence (general remarks, invented order of words).
Word order in English is fixed. So due to the absence of case distinctions word order is practically the only means of distinguishing between the subject and the direct object.
Direct word order: 1. The Subject; 2. The Predicate; 3. Objects; 4. Adverbial modifiers.
Inverted word order (inversion) is the order of words in which the subject is placed after the predicate. Type of sentences that require the inverted order of words:
Interrogative sentences have only partial inversion as only part of the predicate (the auxiliary or modal verb) is placed before the subject (When did you see it?), the whole predicate is placed before the subject when it's expressed by the verbs "to be, to have" (Have you any complains?);
Sentences introduced by "there" (There is nothing strange about that);
Compound sentences, their second part beginning with "so, neither" (I am going home, so are you);
Simple exclamatory sentences expressing wish (Be it so!).
Inversion also acquires a stylistic function. It occurs when:
An adverbial modifier opens the sentence a) and the subject often has a lengthy modifier (In an armchair, a black shiny leather armchair, was sitting a man), b) and it carries a negative meaning (So little did we know then), c) and it expressed by the adverbs "so, thus, now, then, etc." (no inversion if the subject is a pronoun) (Thus ends my prophecy), d) AM of manner expressed by adverbs (Peacefully and silently did we sleep that night), e) preceded by "so" (So frankly did he speak to us);
The emphatic particle "only", the adverbs "hardly, scarcely (with the conjunction "when")", the adverb "no sooner (with "than")" or the conjunction "nor" opens the sentence. If there is inversion the auxiliary "do" must be used if the predicate doesn't contain an auxiliary or a modal verb (Only once did I meet him);
The word "here" implying some demonstrative force (Here comes the bus);
Postpositions denoting direction like "in, out, down, away, up, etc." (with nouns only) (Down goes the player!);
An object or an adverbial modifier expressed by a word-group with "not a, many a" (Many a time did he see it);
A predicative expressed by an adjective or by a noun modified by an adjective or by the pronoun "such" (Such is life);
In conditional clauses introduced without any conjunction when the predicate is expressed by "was, were, had, could, should" (I'll be here, should any emergency arise).
2.The Word order in the English sentence (position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers).
The usual position of the object in declarative is after the predicate. However, in exclamatory sentences the direct object may occupy the first place (What a nice car you've bought!). The inversion is caused only in poetry, high prose and negative exclamatory sentences. The I takes place when the object is expressed by word groups with "not a, many a". The back position of the object is when it's separated from the predicate by some secondary part of the sentence (She took out of the bag something really nice).
The usual place of the attribute expressed by an adjective, noun, pronoun, or participle is before the word it modifies (What strange people you are). With some attributes the order in which they follow each other is more or less fixed. Attributes denoting age, colour, material, and nationality come next to the noun modified: various-age-colour-material-nationality-the noun (pleasant young blue suede Mexican shoes). The attribute appears in post-position in the following cases:
Most adjectives in –able and –ible, especially when the noun is preceded by the adjective "only" or an adjective in the superlative degree (the only thing possible);
In some stock phrases: "wealth untold, from times immemorial, a poet laureate, generations unborn, court martial, sum total, four years running, the first person singular (plural)";
The adjectives "proper, present" (All the students present were congratulated);
Attributes expressed by cardinal numerals denoting the place of the object in a series (no article is used) (page six);
After indefinite and negative pronouns (Nothing strange was noticed); 6) Attributes expressed by prepositional phrases (A picture of big value).
An adverbial modifier usually stands either before the predicate or after the direct object. It's not:
1) An AM of time is generally placed either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence (On Tuesday we went out; We'll be back tomorrow), AM expressed by the adverbs "now, then" can be placed in nearly any position;
An AM of place generally stands either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence (There he stood; A light was shining in the house), an AM of place sometimes comes between the predicate and the prepositional object (He ran out of the hut holding smth in his hands), it generally precedes the AM of time and purpose;
An AM of frequency as a rule precedes verb in a simple tense form but follows the verb "to be" and all the modal verbs, in a compound tense form it follows the first auxiliary (No one ever liked him), "sometimes, generally" may be placed either before or after the verb, in interrogative sentences AM of frequency come immediately after the subject (Does she often visit you?);
An AM of manner is usually placed after the predicate if the verb is intransitive, and after the direct object if the verb is transitive (Yes, he said impatiently; She took the flower smiling), it generally stands between the predicate-verb and the prepositional indirect object (She turned slowly to the window), in compound tense forms an AM of manner expressed by an adverb generally comes after the last auxiliary (The students were suddenly invited into the room);
An AM of degree always precedes the predicate (I completely agree with you), if the verb is in a compound tense-form it follows the first auxiliary (He has absolutely forgotten about it), an AM of degree expressed by the adverb "enough" generally follows the adjective it modifies, but may follow or precede a noun (He is wise enough to do it; I have enough time).