VIII. Comprehension questions;

I, How long are commonly steel tapes? 2. Why are longer tapes thicker? 3. How are the lighter tapes graduated? 4. Why are steel tapes fitted with a thermometer? 5.What is a spring balance used for in steel tapes?6. How can broken tapes be mended? 7. How long are pocket steel tapes? 8. What types of levelling rods do you know? 9. Why are levelling rods made of two or more sections? 10. What graduations has a self-reading rod? II. What are the commonest types of the engineer's level?

IX. Annotate the paragraph about levelling rods.

X. Speak about:

a) lighter and heavier steel tapes;

b) pocket steel tapes,

c) a sell-reading levelling rod;

d) an engineer's level.

Text 8. The plane table

l.Read and memorize the following words:

acre - акр

alidade - алідада

base (n) - база

board (n) - дошка

carefully - дбайливо, уважно

clamp (v) - скріпляти

connect - зв'язувати

construct - будувати

dependent - залежний

device - прилад, пристрій

directly - безпосередньо

distortion - перекручення

economical - економічний

edge - край

flat (a) - плоский

graphically - наочно, графічно

ground (n) - земля, грунт

however - проте

limit (v) -обмежувати

map (v) - картографувати

moisture - волога

move (v) - рухатись

obtainable - доступний

//. Expressions for the text comprehension:

accuracy of points - точність точок

as smcill as - не більше

accuracy of plot - точність зображення

burden the memory - обтяжувати пам'ять

contour interval - контурний інтервал desired azimuth - бажаний азімут drafting board - креслярська дошка

orient (v) - орієнтувати

party - партія

plot (v) - креслити, зображувати

practicable - практичний

precision - точність

preserve (v) -зберігати

protect - захищати

prove - виявитись

rapidly -швидко

reliable — надійний

require - вимагати

result - результат

rise (v) - підніматись

run (v) - використовувати заповнювати

run out - використовувати

sketch (v)- накреслювати

sketching (n) - ескіз

straight - прямий

support (v) - підтримувати

top (n) - верх

topographer - топограф

tripod - тринога

elaborate notes - детальні замітки, нотатки

elevation of triangulation - висота

тріангуляції

favourable weather - сприятлива погода

field work - польова робота

for instance - наприклад

for this reason - з цісї причини

horizontal axis - горизонтальна вісь

important advantage - важлива перевага

located points - знайдені точки

metal column - металева колона

office work - камеральна робота

on a small scale - в малому масштабі

open country - відкрита місцевість

piece of metal - шматок металу

plane of telescope - площина труби

plane table - мензула

plane table survey - зйомка за допомогою

мензули

proper position - відповідне положення

per day - в день

stadia hairs - горизонтальні паралельні

нитки

system of triangulation - система

тріангуляції

tape traverse - тригонометричний хід

стрічки

topographic method - топографічний метод

topographical map - топографічна карта

transit and stadia method - метод

тахіометрії і теодоліту

traverse points - точки тригонометричного

ходу

usual size - звичайний розмір

vertical arc - вертикальна дуга

vertical motion - вертикальний рух

The plane table

The plane table is used for constructing a map directly in the field. The paper is fastened to a board, like a drafting board, supported on a tripod with a device for levelling and clamping so that it can be oriented in any desired azimuth. The usual size of the table is 24 by 30 inc. On the map alidade is used to define directions and measure distances. It has a telescope equipped with stadia hairs and is mounted on a horizontal axis resting in Y supports. These are connected to a metal column which rises from the centre of a flat piece of metal about 18 in. long of which both edges are straight and parallel to the plane of the telescope. On this base are two spirit-levels for levelling the table. The telescope has only a vertical motion and a vertical arc. The entire alidade is moved about on the top of the map after the table has been levelled.

The use of the plane table has generally been limited to topographical maps drawn on a small scale. A system of triangulation or a transit and tape traverse may first be carefully surveyed and plotted on a map. Levels also may be run to determine the elevation of triangulation or traverse points which will then be used as a control for plane table survey. In this case the plane table is used only to fill in details and accurate maps on a scale as small as 40 ft. to the inch can be rapidly made.

The most important advantage of the plane table over other topographic methods is that all the sketching is done in the field where topographer can sec the form of the ground that be is mapping. He can sketch details at once in their proper position without burdening his memory and without making elaborate notes, for this reason details may be accurately sketched from much smaller number of located points than would be required, for instance, by the transit and the stadia method.

If not practicable to run out system of triangulation or a transit and tape traverse the plane table can be used for making such a survey graphically. In all cases, however, the accuracy of these points located by the plane table is limited by precision of the plotting rather than of the measurements. In the field the map must be protected from distortion by moisture so as to preserve accuracy of the plot. Celluloid sheets are obtainable which can be used even in rainy weather.

The plane table method usually requires more time for field work than the transit and stadia methods. It is also more dependent upon favourable weather. But taking into account both the field and the office work the plane table has proved more economical than the transit and stadia for the work in open country and the results are more reliable. In open country a contour interval of 5 ft. being required, a party of 3 men should survey about 8 acres per day.

Exercises

/. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following international words from the text;

construct, orient, azimuth, alidade, distance, horizontal, metal, column, centre, parallel, base, telescope, vertical, topographical, system of triangulation, control, detail, scale, topographer, form, position, method, practicable, graphically, celluloid, resuilt,contour interval, party,acre.

//. Wordbuilding:

a) give all possible derivatives: to construct, to direct, to define, to measure, to connect, to limit, to determine, to fill, moist, to preserve, plot, to obtain, to require, graph, to form

b) form adverbs from adjectives and translate them: rapid, direct, usual, definite, vertical, horizontal

///. Learn synonyms:

motion - movement, entire - full - whole, a map - a chart, to raise — to lift, control - check, a transit - a theodolite, accuracy - precision, for instance - for example, to take into account - to take into consideration, elaborate - complicated

IV. Read the text again, write out sentences with ing-forms, define their functions and translate them into Ukrainian

V. Finish the sentences according to the text:

1. The plane table is used for constructing.....2. Alidade is used to define ....

has a vertical motion and.....4. In the field the map the map must be protected

3 men should survey ...

VI. Comprehension questions:

l.When is the plane table used? 2. Can the plane table be oriented in any desired azimuth? 3. What is the usual size of the plane table? 4. What is alidade used for? 5. Where is alidade mounted? 6. How many spirit levels are there on the plane table? 7. What kind of motion has the telescope? 8. What is used to control the plane table survey? 9. What is the advantage of the plane table? 10. Is the accuracy of the plane table measurements limited? II. What contour interval is required in open country surveying?

VII. Say what conclusion could he drawn from the fact that the use of the plane table is limited to small-scale topographical maps.

VIII. Speak about:

a) the plane table arrangement;

b) the plane tabic use:

c) the plane table advantages;

d) the plane table disadvantages

3.The telescope ...5. A party of

Text 9. Global positioning system .

I.Read and memorize the following words:

adopt ~ прийняти affect (v) - впливати although- хоча application - застосування cadastral - кадастровий change(n)- зміна compare- порівнювати correlate (v) - корелювати corresponding - відповідний create - створювати demonstrate- демонструвати derive - отримувати due to - завдяки e.g. - наприклад efficient -. ефективний ellipsoid - еліпсоїд engineering (a) - інженерний essential - суттєвий establispmcnt - встановлення highly - дуже, сильно like - подібно до

mean (v) - означати

nevertheless - проте

offer (v) - пропонувати

particularly - особливо

positioning (n) - розташування

primarily - головним чином

produce(v) - давати, призводити

provided (conj) - при умові, якщо

quasigeoid - квазігеоід

rare - рідкий

refer to - посилатися на

relate (v) - пов' язати

seldom - рідко

still (adv) - все ще

suitable - придатний

task - завдання

therefore - тому

transform (v) - перетворювати

yield (v) - давати

//. Word combinations and expressions for

appropriate computational strategies -відповідні стратегії обчислення considerable opportunity - велика можливість

conventional height - звичайна висота curvilinear coordinates - криволінійні координати

ellipsoidal height - висота еліпсоїду geodetic bench marks - відмітки геодезичного майданчика, виступу geodynamic applications - геодинамічні застосування

height component - висотний компонент height determination - визначення висоти height information - інформація про висоту

high accuracy demands - вимоги високої точності

high accuracy determination - визначення високої точності

high accuracy height measurements-високоточні виміри висоти

the text comprehension;

horizontal position - горизонтальне

положення

in an appropriate way - відповідним чином

individual points - окремі точки

inherent geometrical weakness -

притаманна геометрична слабість

normal height - нормальна висота

observational error sources - джерела

помилок спостереження

orthometnc height - ортомстрнчна висота

practical meaning - практичне значення

reference surface - референційиа

/довідкова/ поверхня

specific problem - особлива проблема

three dimensional capability ~ трьохмірна

здатність

three dimensional coordinates - трьохмірні

координати

tide gauges - самописець рівня моря

tremendous potential - величезний

потенціал

variety of applications - різні застосування

Grammar Focus Словотвір в текстах науки

Найпоширенішими способами словотвору в англомовній науково-технічній літературі є такі:

1. Афіксація (префіксація та суфіксація)

2. Конверсія

3. Словоскладення

Основні префікси та їх значення

Префікс	Значення	Приклади
Un-	Заперечне, протилежне	Unable
Dis-	Заперечне, протилежне	Disadvantage
Im-( перед m.p)	Заперечне, протилежне	Impervious
fa-	Заперечне, протилежне	Inadequate
ir- (перед r)	Заперечне, протилежне	Irregular
Mis-	Заперечне, протилежне	Misuse
11 (перед 1)	Заперечне, протилежне	Illogical
* Anti-	Заперечне, протилежне	Antisocial
* Extra-	Зверх-, над-	Extraordinary
* Counter-	Проти	Counterwork
Over-	Пере-, надзвичайно	()verwater, overgrazing
*Re-	Знову, повторно	Redistibution
*Sub-	Під, нижче	Subirrigation
Semi-	Напів-	Semiarid
* Super-	Пере-, зверх-	Superheat
Under-	Недо-, нижче норми	Underestimate
* Inter	Між, взаємо-	Interaction
*Non-	Не-	Noninterference

Зірочкою (*) позначені нрефікси-інтернаціоиалізми.

Основні суфікси іменників

V (verb) - дієслово, n (noun) - іменник, a (adjective) - прикметник, num (numeral) -

числівник, adv (adverb) - прислівник.

Модель	Значення	Приклади
V+ -ment	Результат дії	Movement, attachment
V+ -ion (-tion) (-(-ation), (-sion)	Процес, назва дії. стан	Erosion, irrigation reaction
V+ -er, -or	Особа/механізм, що виконує Дію	Sprinkler, user, creator
V+ -ing	Процес, дія, стан	Melting, cutting
V+ -ance/-ence	Дія, стан	Conveyance, performance
V+-al	Назва дії	Renewal, disposal
V+ -ure	Дія, результат	Pressure
V+-y	Назва дії	Delivery
V+-th	Результат дії	Growth
A+-th	Стан	Width
A+ -ness	Якість, стан	Wetness
A+ -ure	Якість, стан	Moisture
A+-y	Якість, стан	Efficiency
A+ -ity	Якість, стан	Aridity
N+ -ist	Особа, що займається	Biologist
N+ -ian	Чи має відношення до ...	Mathematician
N - hood	Абстрактне поняття	Boyhood, brotherhood

Основні суфікси прикметників

Модель	Значення	Приклади
A+-al	Якість	Automatical, economical
N+-al	Наявність якості	Experimental
N і -ful	Наявність якості	Fruitful, powerful
N- -v	Наявність якості	Sandy
V+ -able/ible	Спроможність щось зробити	Favourable, reversible
V+ -ant/ent	Наявність якості	Resistant, different
N/v/num.+ -ary	Наявність якості	Primarv. secondary
N+ -ous	Наявність якості	Impervious
N+ -less	Відсутність якості	Waterless
N+ -ic	1 (аявиість я косі і	Symbolic, characteristic
N+-ly	Такий, що мас якості основи	Friendly, monthly

Основні суфікси дієслів

Модель	Значення	Приклади
N+ -(і) fy	Дія	Gasify, classify
А+ -(і) fy	Дія	Intensify, simplify
А+-єп	Дія	Moisten
N+-en	Дія	Strengthen
N+ -ize	Дія	Computerize, modernize
N+ -ate	Дія	Indicate

Основні суфікси прислівників

Моделі,	Значення	Приклади
А+-1у	Змінює частину мови	Efficiently
N+ -ward	Напрямок	Backward (s)
Adv.+ -ward	1 Іаирямок	Upward

Global positioning system

The Global Positioning System offers tremendous potential for variety of applications in the fields of surveying, mapping, engineering and geographic information. Many geodetic and even geodynamic aplications with high accuracy were demonstrated. Although the method of GPS positioning yields three dimensional coordinates (which can be transformed into two dimensional ellipsoidal curvilinear coordinates and ellipsoidal height) height information is seldom used. This three dimensional capability of GPS has created considerable opportunity for efficient, high accuracy determination.

However, GPS does not produce the same accuracy of height determination, compared with horizontal positions, due not only to inherent geometrical weakness, but also to several observational error sources which primarily affect the height component. Nevertheless, provided appropriate computational strategies are adopted, high accuracy height measurements can be obtained.

It is well known that ellipsoidal (GPS) height cannot be used like conventional heights derived from levelling. The reason for this is the fact that GPS height refers to an ellipsoid and not to the geoid (quasigeoid). as conventional heights (orthomctric heights, normal heights) do. This difference in reference surface does not mean that ellipsoidal heights have no practical meaning. There are several applications in which ellipsoidal heights only are suitable to solve a specific problem in an appropriate way. This is particularly in tasks where height changes of individual points, e.g. of tide gauges, geodetic bench marks or some oil and gas platforms, arc the focus of interest. Changes in ellipsoidal heights are highly correlated with changes in corresponding conventional heights, therefore, the results are independent of the chosen type of height. However, this kind of geodetic tasks is very rare in geodetic practice. The main purpose of the use of GPS technology is still the establishment of control networks for cadastral and

course - курс

desire (v) - бажати

detect - розпізнавати, знаходити

divide (v) - розділяти

eliminate — усувати

error - помилка

exactly - точно

except - за виключенням

foresight - візування вперед

lose - губити, втрачати

need (v) - потребувати

once - один раз

plate - пластина, набір

plunge -пірнати, опускати/сь/

preceding - попередній

preferably - переважно

rapid - швидкий

repetition - повторення

reset - знову встановлювати

retain - утримувати

reverse (v) - перевертати

set (v,n} - ставити,розміїдати,

sight (n) - візування

slip (v) - ковзати

traverse (n) - хід, траверс

turn (v) - повертати

twice - двічі

unless - якщо ... не

zero - нуль

//. Expressions for the text comprehension:

back target - задній повзунок

clockwise direction - в напрямку_за

стрілкою годинника

direct reading - безпосереднє читання

forward course - передній курс

forward target - передній повзунок

fractions of minutes - долі минут

instrument work - інструментальна робоча

instrumental errors - інструментальні

похибки

last course - останній курс

last measurement - останній вимір

lower clamp- нижній зажим, скоба

normal position - стандартне положення

numerous purposes - численні цілі previous station - попередня станція repetition method - метод повтору reversed position - переверне положення single reading- одиночне показання, читання, відлік stadia measurements •- виміри далекомірною лінійкою traverse work - траверсна, полігономе трична робота triangulation work - тріангуляційна робота upper clamp - верхній зажим

Reading of horizontal angles

The usual methods of reading the angles are:

1. By direct reading.

2. By azimuth.

3. By repetition.

1. By direct reading. In this method the telescope is set on the back target with the plates at zero using the lower clamp, then without plunging the telescope is turned to the forward target using the upper clamp and the angle is read. The instrument should be graduated from 0° to 360°, preferably to the right, so that angles are measured at the clockwise direction.

The direct reading is the most natural way to measure the angle. It is used for numerous purposes but it gives only a single reading without any check except by repeating it.

2. By azimuth. In this method the telescope is reversed and set on the back target with the plates set on the azimuth of the last course as read from the previous station using the lower clamp. Then the telescope is plunged and is turned to the forward target using the upper clamp and the azimuth of the forward course is read from the plates. The instrument should be graduated from 0° to 360° to the right or clockwise. After taking the foresight the plates are left

engineering survey purposes. In these tasks conventional heights related to mean sea level are essential. Here measured ellipsoidal heights can be used for the determination of orthometric heights if the geoid heights are known with sufficient accuracy.

Exercises

/. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following internationalwords from the text:

system, global, potential, geographic, information, geodynamic, demonstrate, method, coordinate, transform, horizontal, position, geometrical, component, ellipsoid, geoid, orthometric, normal, practical, specific, problem, individual, gas, platform, focus, interest, correlate, result, type, practice, control, cadastral

/7. Find suffixes of:

global, tremendous, potential, geographic, geodetic, geodynamic, dimensional, ellipsoidal, considerable, efficient, horizontal, inherent, geometrical, observational, appropriate, computational, conventional, orthometric, normal, practical, suitable, specific, individual, independent, cadastral, essential, sufficient, variety, application, information, surveying, positioning, information, capability, opportunity, determination, accuracy, weakness, measurement, levelling, ellipsoid, difference, reference, mapping, establishment, engineering} primarily, particularly, highly

///. Find in the text passive voice forms and translate them

IV. Find the missing words from the text:

l.GPS does not ..... the same accuracy of height determination. 2. GPS height refers to an

.....and not to the geoid. 3. Changes in .....heights are highly correlated with changes in .....

heights.

V. Comprehension questions;

1.Where is the global positioning system used? 2. What coordinates does GPS yield? 3. Does GPS demand high accuracy? 4. What kind of height is used in GPS? 5. What are ellipsoidal heights correlated with?6. When is it possible to determine orthometric heights? 7. What does GPS height refer to? 8. What are conventional heights derived from? 9. Have ellipsoidal heights

practical meaning?

VI. Develop the following idea: There are several applications to use ellipsoidal heights.

VII. Speak about;

a) ellipsoidal and conventional heights.

b) advantages and disadvantages of global positioning system.

Text 10. Reading of horizontal angles

/. Read and memorize the following words:

agree - узгоджуватись clockwise - за стрілкою годинника

back sight - візування назад close (v) - замикати

balance (v) - зрівноважувати closely - щільно

care (n) - увага combine (v) - снолучати/сь/

check (n) - перевірка comparison - порівняння

l.What are usual methods of reading angles? 2. How is the instrument graduated for reading angles? 3. What is the disadvantage of the direct reading? 4. Is the azimuth method a rapid one? 5. When is the azimuth method used? 6. What is the azimuth method combined with? 7. Are angle readings checked in the azimuth method? 8. In what position is the telescope in the azimuth method? 9. In what method can instrumental errors be eliminated? 10. When is the repetition method used? II. How many repetitions are recommended?

X. Annotate the last two paragraphs. XL Speak about:

a) direct reading of horizantal angles,

b) reading by azimuth.

clamped and are used in this position without resetting unless they have slipped in taking the backsight at the next station.

This method is a rapid one for traverse work, especially when combined with stadia measurements for the distances. The instrument retains the fractions of the minutes which are too small to be read. This gives a traverse whose angles close exactly. With the same care in doing the instrument work and in the measurement of the distances, the results by this method are more accurate than by any of the preceding ones but not so accurate as by the repetion method. There is no check on the angle readings as they are taken only once, and if repeated the plates have to be moved and the accumulation of the fractions of the minutes is lost.

3. By repetition. In this method the telescope in the normal position is set on the back target with plates set at zero using the lower clamp. Then the telescope without plunging is turned to the forward target using the upper clamp and the angle is read from the plates and recorded. This is the first reading and the method so far is the same as that by direct reading. Then without resetting the plates or plunging the telescope a second reading is taken consisting of a sight on the forward target using the upper clamp. The plates will then show twice the original angle but this need not be read. The angle is repeated, as on the second reading, as many times as desired. The vernier is read at the end of the last measurement and this angle divided by the number of repetitions gives the angle between courses. The last angle should agree closely with the first one of the set, and the comparison of the two will detect errors in the work. By taking the first half of each set with the telescope in one position and the second half with it in the reversed position many instrumental errors are balanced and so eliminated. The instrument should be graduated from 0° to 360° to the right.

The method is always used for tnangulation work and should be used on other important work. It is recommended for traverse work that a set of four repetitions be used, two readings being taken with the telescope normal and two being taken with it reversed.

Exercises

/. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following internationalisms;

plate, zero, natural, course, station, traverse, combine (v), fraction, accumulation, normal, original, vernier, repetition, balance (v), tnangulation, recommend

//. Define by suffixes to what part of speech the following words belong: preferably, natural, measurement, accumulation, normal, repetition, original, triangulation, instrumental, direction, especially, fraction, exactly, position, closely.

///. Find opposites from the text: back, lower, last, previous.

IV. Find in the text N+.N, A+N word combinations and translate them.

V. Find in the text constructions with gerund and translate them.

VI. Find in the text constructions with participle / and translate them.

VII. Find in the text constructions with participle II and translate them. VIIL Find in the text verbal nouns and translate them.

IX. Comprehension questions:

Texts

For

Selfstudying

UNIT1

Text В. Celestial triangulation

/. Real aloud and memorize the following words:

angular -background -eclipse -exact -

image -photography

кутовий задній план, фон, тло

затемнення точний зображення фотографія

simultaneously

solar -totality-triangulation -yardstick -

одночасно

сонячний

повнота, загальність

тріангуляція

мірило, мірка,вішка.

//. Words and expressions for the text comprehension;

rocket-star tnangulation - тріангуляція з

використанням супутника і зірки angular distance- кутова віддаль

observation point - точка спостереження background stars - зірки на задньому плані solar eclipse - сонячне затемнення

Celestial triangulation

Besides the classic tnangulation methods, we have new methods for measuring the geodetic "yardsticks" not only along the continents, but across the ocean as well. These "yardsticks'* are needed for computing the size of the earth ellipsoid.

Four types of celestial methods have been brought to science in the 20th century.

Rocket-star tnangulation. In this method a rocket and background stars are photographed simultaneously from several observation points. By measuring the small angular distances between the imagesof the rocket and the background stars appearing on the same photograph the direction of the rocket as well as its distance from the observation point can be accurately computed.

In the other three celestial methods, the moon is used as one tnangulation point.

The solar-eclipse methods are used for measuring distances across the oceans.

In such method it is necessary to determine the exact moment when the totality of the eclipse begins and ends at three stations A, B, and C, of which A and В are of the same continent and C on another continent. If we know the distance AB we can accurately compute the distance BC across the ocean.

Assignments

1. Comprehension questions:

1 What do new tnangulation methods help to measure?

2. How many types of celestial methods have been brought to science during the 20th century?

3. What can you say about rocket-star tnangulation method?

4. How is the direction of the rocket and its distance from the observation point computed?

5. What is used in other celestial methods'.'

6. What methods arc used for measuring distances across the oceans?

7. How many observation stations are used in the solar eclipse method?

2. Speak on different celestial methods.

UNIT1

Text В. Celestial triangulation

/. Real aloud and memorize the following wordsj_

angular -background -eclipse -exact -image -photography -

кутовий

задній план, фон, тло затемнення точний зображення фотографія

simultaneously solar -totality-

triangulation -yardstick -

одночасно

сонячний

повнота, загальність

тріангуляція

мірило, мірка,вішка.

//. Words and expressions for the text comprehension;

rocket-star tnangulation - тріангуляція з використанням супутника і зірки angular distance- кутова віддаль

observation point - точка спостереження background stars - зірки на задньому плані solar eclipse - сонячне затемнення

Celestial triangulation

Besides the classic tnangulation methods, we have new methods for measuring the geodetic "yardsticks" not only along the continents, but across the ocean as well. These "yardsticks'* are needed for computing the size of the earth ellipsoid.

Four types of celestial methods have been brought to science in the 20th century.

Rocket-star tnangulation. In this method a rocket and background stars are photographed simultaneously from several observation points. By measuring the small angular distances between the imagesof the rocket and the background stars appearing on the same photograph the direction of the rocket as well as its distance from the observation point can be accurately computed.

In the other three celestial methods, the moon is used as one tnangulation point.

The solar-eclipse methods are used for measuring distances across the oceans.

In such method it is necessary to determine the exact moment when the totality of the eclipse begins and ends at three stations A, B, and C, of which A and В are of the same continent and C on another continent. If we know the distance AB we can accurately compute the distance BC across the ocean.

A ssign meats

1. Comprehension questions:

1 What do new tnangulation methods help to measure?

2. How many types of celestial methods have been brought to science during the 20th century?

3. What can you say about rocket-star tnangulation method?

4. How is the direction of the rocket and its distance from the observation point computed?

5. What is used in other celestial methods?

6. What methods are used for measuring distances across the oceans?

7. How many observation stations are used in the solar eclipse method?

2. Speak on different celestial methods.

UNIT 2

Text В. Underground surveying

/. Read aloud and memorize the		following words:	mount -
assure -	гарантувати			встановлювати, монтувати
azimuth -	азімут		passage -	виробки
bearing -	румб, напрямок за компасом		permanence	- постійність
coordinate -	координата		prevalent -	переважаючий
cross-hairs	- сітка ниток		reading -	показання вимірювальних
departure -	відступ		приладів
device -	прилад, пристрій		roof -	стеля
distribute -	розподілювати		sight -	наводити; відлік, відмітка,
elevation -	перевищення, висота /над		поле зору, маркшейдерський знак
	рівнем моря		the only-	єдиний
essential -	суттєвий		traffic -	рух, транспорт
hence -	отже, звідси		transit -	теодоліт
illuminate -	освітлювати		visibility -	видимість
latitude -	широта		whereby-	за допомогою чого
//. Expressions for the text comprehension:

a number of- яд

auxiliary telescope - окулярна насадка both... and- як ..., так і...

complete circuit - замкнутий хід constricted places - звужені місця error of closure - помилка замикання mine survey - маркшейдерська зйомка peculiar conditions - особливі умови perfect adjustment - досконале

врегулювання

plot results - наносити рез-ти

refined methods - більш досконалі методи

shaft plumbing - встановлення за

високом в стволі шахти

steep sight - крута/прямовисна/ відмітка

underground survey- підземна /шахтна/

зйомка

correct mistake - виправляти помилку

Underground surveying

An underground survey is based on precisely the same principles as the geodetic one on the surface. The methods of reading angles and measuring distances, of computing azimuths, bearings, latitudes and departures, coordinates, and elevations, and of plotting the results are alike in all essentials. In their practical details, however, a number of differences are introduced by certain peculiar conditions under which a mine survey has to be conducted. These conditions are: 1. working in the dark requires that both the point to be sighted and the cross-hairs of a telescope must be illuminated. 2. working in constricted places and in passages through which traffic must not be interrupted often requires the use of special devices for mounting the instrument. 3. stations must be placed on the roof when possible to assure their permanence and visibility. 4. steeply inclined sights are more prevalent requiring that a transit shall be always in perfect adjustment. With very steep sights an auxiliary telescope is required involving a correction in the reading of angles. 5. a higher degree of accuracy is usually required than in ordinary land surveying. It frequently happens that a complete circuit cannot be made, whereby the error of closure can be determined and distributed, or a mistake located and corrected; hence

careful work by refined methods is the only assuran< of accuracy, 6. Shaft plumbing is a special problem peculiar to the underground surveying.

Assignments