26 Alliteration Assonance Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia (звукоподражание)- is a combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature. E.g.: hiss, grumble, sizzle, murmur, bump.wind, sea, thunder,by things like machines tools, by people (laughter, cough),by animal.

There exist:

1) Direct onomatopoeia: in words that imitate natural sound (ding-dong, buzz, hiss, roar, ping-pong, mew, cock-a-doodle-doo)

2) Indirect: a combination of sounds, the aim of which is to make the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense (And the silken sat uncertain, rusting of each purple curtain). Poetry abounds in some specif. devices of sound instrument. The most frequent of them are:

Alliteration – the repetition of the same construction at the beginning of words.It’s often used in newspaper headlines, proverbs, set expressions. (As blind as bat; Pride and prejudice. Sense and sensibility. The school of scandal. Silken set uncertain, rustling of each purple curtain.)

The Assonance – the repetition of similar vowels usually in stressed syllables. (Nor soul flesh now more than flesh helps soul).They both produce the effect of euphony (афония) – a sense of ease and comfort, a pleasing effect of pronouncing and hearing.

27 Rhyme meter rhythm

Rhyme – one of the properties of poetry, which is the repetition of the same sound, identical/similar, usually at the end

of 2 or more lines. We normally distinguish b/n:full rhyme (I-sky, night-right),incomplete rhyme (fresh-press),compound rhymes (spirit- ?),eye-rhymes (visible, but not pronounced): (love-

prove),masculine rhymes (monosyllabic words): e.g. down-town – and are standing on the last line or , or bisyllabic words accented on the last syllables: domain-remain; mouth-south. ,feminine rhyme (words are accented on the last but one syllable: error-terror)

1.The rhyming patterns are shown with the help of letters, e.g. couplets. When the last word of the 2 successive lines are rhymea: a a b b

2.Triple (dactylic) rhymes: a a a, based on 3-syllable words. 1 syllable stressed, 2 unstressed

3.There exist cross (quatrain) rhymes: a b a b

4.framing (rheme) rhymes: abba – frame

5.internal rhyme: the rhyming word is placed not at the end of the line, but within rhymes.

Functions of rhyme:1) to signalize the end of line and mark the arrangement of lines into stanzas (4ростишие) 2) rhythm becomes evident because of rhyme3) the ends receive greater prominent

Poetic rhythm – r. is created by the regular recurrence of (un)stressed syllables of equal poetic lines. The regular alterations of (un)stressed syllables from a unit which is a foot.

In poetry it has a greater degree of regularity and manifests itself as meter (размер):

1. measured, patterned arrangement of syllables, primarily according to stress or length

2. the specific rhythm determined by the prevailing foot in the line (iambic meter).

There are 5 basic metrical feet:

1)iambus (ямб): the 2^nd syllable is stressed) A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse! (William Shakespeare, Richard III)

2)Trochee (хорей): every first syllable of the two is stressed. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha - Should you ask me, whence these stories?

Whence these legends and traditions,

With the odours of the forest,

With the dew and damp of meadows,

Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven":

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.

3)dactyl (дактиль): the 1^st of the 3 is stressed.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem Evangeline, which is in dactylic hexameter:

This is the / forest prim- / eval. The / murmuring / pines and the / hemlocks,

The first five feet of the line are dactyls; the sixth a trochee.

4) amphibrach (амфибрахий): the middle of the 3 is stressed.

 Leonard Cohen's song "Famous Blue Raincoat"

It's four in / the morning, / the end of / December

I'm writing / you now just / to see if / you're better

New York / is cold, but / I like where / I'm living

There's music / on Clinton / Street all through / the evening.

5)anapaest (анапест): the last of the 3 is stressed (There is guilt in the sound, there’s guilt in …)

Byron's The Destruction of Sennacherib:

The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold

And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold

And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea

When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.

The repetition of the units of the meter or feet makes verse. The number of feet in a line is different in different poetic words. The length of line is usually indicated in the Greek terms: a 2-foot line

– dimeter a 3 foot line – trimester, 4 - tetrameter, 5 - pentameter, 6 -nexameter,7- hectometer.8 - octometer

Sonnets were all written in 14 lines (first by Ptrarka) iambic – pentameter, ababcdcdefef – 99

Ballads are usually written in iambic tetrameter (4столб. ямб)