I am helping you - Jag hjälper dig. He is eating food - Han äter mat.

The past participle

The past participle is used in phrases like I am seen, an interested woman etc. As you can see, in English form used to construct the past participle is the same as the form used in the perfect tense. That is not the case in Swedish. Here we used the supine to construct the perfect tense, and that is also the only time when the supine is used - for the perfect and the past perfect. The past participle, however, is formed like this, note that it has to be inflected as an adjective:

• Group 1 verbs add -d to the stem

Älska - Älskad - Jag är älskad - Barnet är älskat. - Vi är älskade.

• Group 2 verbs whose stem ends with a voiced consonant add -d too, the others add -t.

Ring|a - Ringd Köp|a - Köpt - Sakerna är köpta.

• Irregular polysyllabic verbs often attach -en to their supine stem. But for many verbs, you just have to memorize the form

Verb	Supine	Past participle
Skriva	- Skrivit	- Skriven - Brevet är skrivet
Komma	- Kommit	- Kommen
Se	- Sett	- Sedd - Vi är sedda

The passive form

• The passive form is used in sentences like The child is seen by the dad. The contrary is the active form, which would be The dad sees the cild. In Swedish, you can make the passive form in to ways - either by using the verb bli + past participle (inflected as an adjective):

The letter is being written by me - Brevet blir skrivet av mig The letter was written by me - Brevet blev skrivet av mig. The letter has been written by me - Brevet har blivit skrivet av mig.

• An easier and more frequently used way of expressing the passive form is by attaching an s to the end of the main verb:

The letter is being written by me - Brevet skrivs av mig. The letter was written by me - Brevet skrevs av mig. The letter has been written by me - Brevet har skrivits av mig.

Expressing the future

• Swedish has got two ways of expressing the future. The first one is komma att + infinitive, which is like the English will. The second one is ska + infinitive, which is like the English to be going to + infinitive.

Jag kommer att hjälpa dig någon gång - I will help you some time. Vad ska vi göra idag? - What are we going to do today?

• There is a third way of expressing the future which is formed by tänka + inf. or by ämna + inf. These forms are used like the English intend to.

Jag tänker/ämnar hjälpa dig - I intend to help you

Exercise - Translate the following sentences into Swedish

1 - To be loved is very important. 2 - Whose book is read the most? 3 - This book will be written next summer. 4 - What are you going to do next spring?

How do you say these years in Swedish?

1 - 1765 2 - 1997 3 - 1588 4 - 1173 5 - 1021

Lesson 7

Vocabulary

kunna (i) [*kuna]	inf. of can - to be able to
vilja (i) [*vilja]	inf. of want to
få (i) [få:]	to be allowed to / get
skola (i) [*sko:la]	inf. of shall, will
måste [*måste] (present tense)	have to / must
mörk [mörk]	dark
ljus [ju:s]	light, bright
extrem [eks'tre:m]	extreme
titta på (1)	to look at
säga (i) [säja]	to say
alltid [*alti:d]	always
aldrig [*aldrig]	never
ingen(t,a) [*igen]	no
noggran [*no:gran]	careful
måndag ['månda]	Monday
tisdag ['ti:sda]	Tuesday
onsdag ['onsda]	Wednesday
torsdag ['tosda]	Thursday
fredag ['fre:da]	Friday
lördag ['löda]	Saturday
söndag ['sönda]	Sunday

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Modal verbs are verbs who tell in what way a certain action is carried out. Some examples of modal verbs are shall, must, want to. In Swedish, the modal verbs conjugate very irregularly:

Infinitive	Present tense	Imperfect	Supine
kunna	kan	kunde	kunnat
vilja	vill	ville	velat
skola	ska(ll)	skulle	skolat
få	får	fick	fått

Adverbs

An adverb is a word that tells in what way an action is performed. It can hence be an indicator to a verb, an adjective or another adverb. In English, adverbs have the suffix -ly. In Swedish, the suffix is -t.

She walks slowly	- Hon går långsamt
She walks extremely slowly	- Hon går extremt långsamt
She is extremely beautiful	- Hon är extremt vacker

Word order, advanced phrases