6. Adjective. The category of degrees of comparison

1. Adj expr the cat semantics of property of substance – colour, dimen-ns, position, state,

and other characteristics both permanent and temporary.

2. V-cy: Ns, Adv, PN, V. F-n – subj, pr-ve, attr.

3. Some suffixes: ful, less, ish, ous, ive, ic; prefixes: un, in, pre, post

4. ADJs:

• qualitative (denote various qualities of substances; can be sufficient/insufficient, adequate/inadeq – a (very/too/not a very) diff task. have degrees of comp-n)

• relative (express properties of a substance: wood – wooden, history - historical)

5. The degrees of comp-n:

1) the basic form (positive degree) – no features of comp-n;

2) the comparative degree form – restricted superiority;

3) the superlative degree form – unrestricted superiority.

6. Some problems:

1. Some linguists don’t include the basic form into the dofcomp. No opp-n?!

2. Some relatives can have dofcomp when used in broader mng – more wooden thev

3. Form-n of ‘more/(the) most diff’

a) analytical degree – 1. The actual mng: more diff=larger, mostd=lar-st.

2. Such adjs like ‘diff’ express quality => can have dofcomp.

b) free syntactic constructions. 1. more/most – sem-ly analogous to less/least.

2. unlike synthetic sup-ve,most can take an indef art(=high,highst

+7. Statives – diff states, mostly of temporary duration.

• the psychic state of a person (afraid, ashamed, aware)

• the physical state of a person (astir, afoot)

• the physical state of an object (afire, ablaze)

• the state of an object in space (askew, awry, aslant)

N+linkV+stative.

Pr-ve (he soon fell asleep) & attr (a man alive to social interests)

analytical forms of dofcomp (he was one most aware of..)

7. Rronoun, its categories

1. Often debatable as a pofsp; but now both the Eng & Rus ling acknowledge.

2. The catmng of indication. be modified by adjs or prep-l pse,be con-ted with art-le

V-cy – N, V. Cats: number, case, gender (arg-le). F-n: adv.m,subj, obj, pred-ve, attr.

3. Cl-n of pronouns (Western ap-ch):

1) Personal PNs (refers to a specific pers/thing to indicate pers, numb, case and gender.

>subjective pers PN (I, he – subj)>obj-ve pPN;(me,u,him)>poss-ve pPN(mine,my)

IN RUS AP-CH: ob-ve – pers PN in the obj case; poss-ve – a separate class.

2) Demonstrative PNs (points to, identifies a N or PN): this/these, that/those.

3) Interrogative PNs (to ask?): who,whom,which,what & the comp-d ‘ever’- whoever..

4) Relative PNs (link one pse or clause to another): who(m),that,which + ‘ever’

5) Indefinite PNs (ident-ble, but not spec-d): the idea of all, any, none or some: all,

another, any, anyone(body), each, everybody(one), everything, few, many, nobody,

none, one, several, some, somebody(one), something.

IN RUS AP-CH: none, nobody – negative class.

6) Reflexive PNs (refer back to the subj of the clause/sce): my-your-her…self(ves).

7) Intensive PNs (emphasize its antecedent): ident in form with 6) - I myself believe..

IN RUS AP-CH: 6)7) – one & the same class. + Reciprocal – one more class.

4. Cats (Rus ap-ch):

1) case (shows the relations of wds and is expressed through declension)

• Nom & Obj: I me,he him,she her,we us,they them,who whom +it,u. WA – sep class

• Com & Gen: somebody, anybody, one, another etc. (’s)

• no catof case: something, some, any, no, my, mine, etc)

2) number: restricted to 3 PNs: this, that, other.

I/we, she, he, it/they – no gram catof number here. Pl- not a form, but a separate wd

Diff-ty about myself ourselves, yourself (ves), him-, her-, itself (themselves).

1. the diff-ce btw the first elements – purely lexical;

2. the second elements have the suffix of plurality ‘s’

Thus, we brought to a conclusion that ‘ourselves’ is ess-ly a diff wd from ‘myself’.

NO CAT of gender. he, she, it; his, her, its; him-,her-,itself – separate words.