3. Parts of speech. Different classifications

1. Parts of speech – grammatical classes of wds (intr-d in Ancient Greece).

3 main criteria: 1) mng (the cat mng of the whole class);

2) form: a) types of derivation; b) cats 3) function: a) valency; b)f-ns in a sce.

Accto these criteria, wds: notional (earlier – changeable) & functional (unchangeable)

2. Vinogradov: (6): N, adj, numeral, PN, V, adv

NOUN 1) the cat mng of sub-ce (‘thingness’) 2) stod, comp-n; cats of nmbr,case, gndr.

3) subj, obj, attr, pr-ve, adv mod N+N, N’s+N, N+prep+N, V, PN, num, adverb

PN 1) the cat mng of indic-n 2)the narrow sets of various status with the corr-ing

frml properties of cat-al changblty and wd-bldng. cats of number, case, gender (argu)

3) substantival and adjectival functions: subj, obj, attrib, pr-ve, adv m.

V 1) the CM of process 2) 7 cat: prsn, nmbr, tense, aspect, voice, mood, time corr-n

3) predicate; V+N, V+adv.

Adj: 1) the CM of property; 2) degrees of comps-n 3) subject, attribute, predicative

Num: 1) the CM of number (cardl & ordl); 2) stod; NO CAT!!! 3) subj, attr, pr-ve.

Adv: 1) the CM of secondary property; 2) 2 forms of dofcomp (an&syn); 3) adv mod.

Functional Posp: A, Pn, Conj, Part-le, MWds, Interjs.

3. H. Sweet: declinable: noun-words – N proper,N-PN, N-numeral, inf & gerund

adj-words – adj proper, adj-PN (pos,dem), adj-num, participles

V – finite Vs, verbals (infin, gerund, participles)

indeclinable: advs, conjs, interjs, prepositions.

4. O. Jespersen: (5): subst-ves,adjs,PNs - new(+num, PN adv-today),Vs,particles (a.c.i.p)

5. Fries: Fr A-Th cncrt was good (alw);B-Th clerk rem-d the tax (sud);c-th team wnt thr

1 – Ns/PNs, 2 – Vs, 3 – adjs, 4 – advs.

+ 15 functional classes: 1^st set – specifiers of notional words

(determiners of Ns, modal Vs, func modifiers & intensifiers)

2^nd set – interpositional elements (prep&conj)

3^rd set – to the sce as a whole (question-word

inducement-words, attention-getting w, wds of affir-neg)

6. Nesfield: (8): N, PN, adj, V, prep, conj, adv, interj

1. coincides with OJ; 2. no numerals; 3. the most pop in modern prescript G

4. Functional parts of speech

1. Article – a determining unit of speech nature accompanying the N in com-ve colloc-n.

F-n: to specify the nounal referent. (Will u give me the pen? A woman called..)

How many As? – long debated ?n Now – 2 As. Def – identification, ind – clas-ng gen-n.

Many Ns – without any A (Lang is a means of com-n).

1) The older gram-l trad-n described as ‘omission of the A’ – which is inadequate.

2) ‘absence of the A’

3) a special kind of A, termed as ‘zero A’ => 3 As: def, indef, zero –

1. Before count Ns – the most general idea (Law begins with…)

2. Before uncount Ns – relative & absolute generalization.

John laughed with great bitterness (r.g); the subject of health (a.g) was..

3. Before count N in pl – both kinds of generalization.

2 main views of the A: 1. A – a wd (possibly a sep pofsp), A+N = a phrase

2. A – a form element, kind of morpheme or an aux V. A+N = a morphol-l form-n.

2.Preposition exprs the rel-ns btw wds in a sce, depen-cies & interdep-s of subst-ve ref-nt

The book is lying on the table (space rel-ns). He came before/after dinner (time relns

Sometimes - rel-ns, just link: That depends on u. Syntactic fun-ns:

1. Phrase – connecting wds with each other, f.e. N+Pn+N, V+Pn+N, etc.

2. Sce – Pn is never a part of the sce.

Special attention to out of, as to, as for, instead of, in spite of – compound Pns.

3.Conjunction serve to connect wds(or parts of the sce)&clauses.Have no mng of its own

Coor-ng (imply coor-n of clauses): and, both, neither..nor, not only, but, either..or

Sub-ng (imply sub-n of clauses): because, before, after, etc.

On the pse level: connect wds & pses. Mostly coor-ng conjs, very rarely sub-ng.

On the sce level: connect clauses of diff kinds. Both C & S conjs.

Sometimes they can lose their connecting function: If only she knew… - if-particle.

4. Particle unites the functional wd of specifying limiting meaning.

Usually refer to the wd/pse immediately following,give special prominence,single it out

One just does what is… I have only meant…

5. Modal wds exprs the speaker’s view concerning the reality of the act-n exprd in the sce

The fun-n: parenthesis. Classified accto their mng: f.e. certainty, doubt… # varies.

In vast majority of cases – indicates the speaker’s attitude.

6. Interjection is not a name of anything, but expression of emotions.

Some ints have quite def. mngs: alas! = joy. Some not: oh! = surprise/joy/disapp/fear

In pse:usually is isolated,although it’s not impossible for an int to make a part of pse

In sce: outside the str-re of the sce; 2^nd view – a kind of parenthesis at least smts.