- •1. The subject of tg. Analytical character of english
- •2. The history of theoretical grammar development
- •3. Parts of speech. Different classifications
- •4. Functional parts of speech
- •5. Noun, its categories
- •6. Adjective. The category of degrees of comparison
- •7. Rronoun, its categories
- •8. Verb, classifications
- •9. Verb, the categories of tense and time-correlation
- •10. Verb, the categories of voice and aspect
- •12. Arguable questions of english morphology
- •13. The theory of phrase
- •14. Transformational generative grammar
- •15. Syntactic relations in a phrase, sentence, text
- •16. Sentence in transformational generative grammar
- •17. Simple sentence. Structural approach
- •18. Sentence in semantics
- •19. Sentence in pragmatics
- •20. Actual division of the sentence
- •21. Composite sentence: compound and complex sentences
- •22. Text grammar
22. Text grammar
1. Text Grammar – a new branch. 1 s-ce not enough, a whole sequence of sces (ds)
f.e. I’m sorry – cn’t be trnsltd without a cntxt. back to ancient Greek (5BC, rhetoric)
2. Text – a sequence of linguistic units joined together by semantic connections and characterized by integrity, wholeness and cohesion.
3. R. de Beaugrande & W. Dressler: text – a com-ve occurrence which meets 7 standards:
cohesion – the main text property concerning the surface structure of the text; connection of text comp-ts on the basis of gram rules&relations.”..good film..seen it parenthesis, WO, the use of articles & PNs, forms of the verb, ellipsis, recurrence, coordinating conjs.
coherence concerns the deep str-re of the T; the temporal & spatial continuity of events; meaningful & cognitive relations in the T. It was dark & the sun was shining brightly; an old woman of 16 was…
intentionality – the intention of the text maker to build up a cohesive and coherent text & achieve some definite communicative purpose.
acceptability – has come from the speech-act theory; the expectation of the recipient to get a cohesive and coherent text appropriate in definite com-ve sit-ns.
informativity – the theme of the T; the new & unexpected info for the T compreh-r
situationality – the factors which make the T relevant and actual for a def com-ve sit-n. (TG - nuclear physics)
intertextuality – correl-n of the T with a def type of T & the corr-n with other Ts. 1 – the typ,form features of a partic T (interview, rep); 2- Much ado about bluffing
4. Pr. Galperin: text – a complete speech act which is characterized by 6 standards:
completeness (logical & semantical) written form
abstract model delimitation into title & SPUs
cohesion communicative intention
5. Pr. Moskalskaya – 2 basic units above the sentence:
1) the SPU (microtext) – a grammatically organized sequence of sentences forming a textual unity. The conn-n by semantic, com-ve & str-al integrity.
Sem.I–the theme of the T,its mean-ful centre.Trans-on frm 1 Th to an-newSpu
Com.I-theme-rheme seq-ce of the T. sev mdls: t1-r1-t2(r1)-r2; t1- r1,2; t1,2–r3
Str.I. – the gram.con-ns betw the sces, the cohes-n of the T. Cohesion:
a) cataphoric (prospective) relations – conn-ve elements which relate
a given sce to the following one: the house that Jack built [NOVEL]
b) anaphoric (retrospective) rlns – conn-ve elements which relate a given
sce to the preceding one: Jack built a house. It was large.
in printed T: SPU = (often) paragraph. Pph – a stretch of written (printed)
literary text delimited by a new line at the beginning.
2) the speech unity (macrotext)
5 basic T types: description (science/tech), narration, exposition (analysis+expl-n), argumentation (compares altern points of view), instruction.
Bloch (accto com-ve direction): monologue & dialogue. 1-direction seq-ce – based on syn-c cumulation of sces. Supra-sent const-n of 1ds – a cumulative seq-ce, cumuleme.
2-dirseq – based on its sces being positioned to meet 1an. SSC – occursive, occurseme.