21. Composite sentence: compound and complex sentences

1. Composite – a syntactic unit having more than one predicative line (subj–pr-te groups)

the term – intr by Poutsma => the threechotomic div-n of sces into:

simple - compound & complex (composite)

2. Compound sce – a sce whose parts are independent to such an extent that Ch. Fries considers a compound sce just a matter of intonation and pronunciation, and the diff-ce between a simple sce and a part of a CD is just punctuational.

3. Parts of a CDS – clauses. A sce which cons of 2 or > clauses con-ted bmo coordination.

Clauses may be connected syndetically or asyndentically. Syndetic coordination:

1) copulative (соед) and, not only..but, both, neither.. nor, nor.

2) disjunctive (разд) or, either..or, or else, otherwise.

3) adversative (против) but, yet, still, however, nevertheless, whereas, while

4) causative-consecutive (прич-след) for, therefore, so, accordingly, then, hence

4. Complex sce – a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Conn-ted:

1. Syndetically (subord-ing conjs & conn-ves) 2. Asyndetically

A SubCl may follow, precede, or interrupt the principal clause.

A complex sce may contain 2 or > homogeneous clauses coord-ed with each other

A Subcl may be sub-ed to the Prcl or to anthr subcl=>subcls of the 1^st,2^nd.. degofsub

“I think I have noticed that they have been quarreling, as he was cheating on her”.

5. Accto their grammatical function Subcls are divided:

1) Subject clauses (perform the function of subject to the predicate of the prcl)

What I want to do is to save us both. It was possible that he might win.

2) Predicative clauses (the func. of predicate) In the prcl – only part of the pred.

Our attitude simply is that facts are facts (f.e. a link verb).

3) Object clauses (of an obj to the pred-V of the prcl)

I don’t know what u’r talking about. He wondered why he should look back.

4) Attributive clauses (an attrib to the prcl) N/PN – antecedent (ant); r:s&a; a:s.

relative – qualify the ant: The fact those man wanted to know had been visible

appositive – disclose the ant’s meaning: The fact that he didn’t req.. wld give

the ant – an abstr N; comma. intr: that, whether, how, why.

There was no reason why she should not read the book.

Rltv: defining (restrictive) – restr the mng of the ant; can’t be removed withoutdestr

intr-d by: rltv PN (who,whse,whch,tht,as); rl adv (where, when); asynd-ly I think my father is the best man I have ever known.

non-def (non-restr)–doesn’t restr the ant’s mng;gives addinfo;canberm;comma.

inr-d by: rltv PN (who, which); rlt adv (where, when)

In this room, which was never used, a light was burning.

5) Adverbial clauses (an advmod) – can modify V,adj,adv in the prcl.

1) time (when,as,until,before..) 2) place (where, whrvr) 3) cause (because, as, since)

4) result (so that, so (such)..that) 5) purpose(that,inordto,soth6) condition(if,incs,unls,once

7) concession (though, nomtwh, even if, whtvr, hwvr) 8) exception (except that)

9) manner & comparison (than, as, as…as, not so…as, as if, as though, like)