- •Іванова с.О., Юрійчук в.М. Англійська мова: Практикум. —
- •Нізамутдінов ф.М. Дане видання — власність іфнтунг
- •Early Development
- •Modern Development
- •Components of an Automated System
- •Power to Accomplish the Process
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •Feedback Controls
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •Exercise 3.4 Read for Specific Information
- •Exercise 3.10 Focus on Translation
- •Exercise 3.11 Discussion Point
- •Machine Tools
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •Exercise 5.10 Discussion Point
- •Programmable Automation
- •Exercise 6.3 Recall Information
- •Unit 7 Robotics
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •Unit 9 Microprocessors for Fluid Properties
- •Post-Text Exercises
- •Eiffel Tower North Pillar: Automation of a Sloping Lift
- •The Lift
- •Objectives
- •Solution
- •Management of a Liquefied Petroleum Gas Storage and Distribution Centre
- •The Castelsarrasin centre
- •Objectives
- •Solution
- •Safety Interlocking Between High Voltage Supply Networks
- •The tunnel
- •The Objective
- •Technical Services Management
- •In a Multi-Media Communications Centre
- •The mmcc
- •The Objectives
- •The Solution
- •The Intelligent Building
- •Technical Services Management of a Computer Centre
- •The Installation
- •The Problem
- •The Solution
- •Automation of a Micro Hydroelectric Power Station
- •The Problem
- •The Solution
- •Bibliography
Unit 7 Robotics
Pre-reading Task
Scan the text for the main idea and answer the following question:
What do abbreviation RIA, ISO, JIRA mean?
Text
Industrial robotics is the science of designing, building, and applying industrial robots.
Specifically, robot work should be optimized to (1) minimize the time per unit of work produced; (2) minimize the amount of effort and energy expanded by operators; (3) minimize the amount of waste, scrap, and rework; (4) maximize quality of work produced; and (5) maximize safety.
What are robots? In the late 1970s the Robotic Industries Association (RIA; formerly the Robot Institute of America) defined a robot as "a manipulator, designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks." Although this definition does not directly include pick-and-place arms as robots, teleoperators and remotely controlled devices are often referred to also as robots. The International Standards Organization (ISO) has a more lengthy definition of an industrial robot:
A machine formed by a mechanism including several degrees of freedom, often having the appearance of one or several arms ending in a wrist capable of holding a tool or a workpiece or an inspection device. In particular, its control unit must use a memorizing device and sometimes it can use sensing or adaptation appliances taking into account environment and circumstances. These multipurpose machines are generally designed to carry out a repetitive function and can be adapted to other functions.
The RIA and ISO definitions both stress the multifunctional and programmable capabilities and, therefore, exclude special-purpose "hard automation" tools and equipment typically found in high volume production. Also excluded are manual remote manipulators, which are extensions of human hands for use in, for example, sterile, hot, or radioactive environments.
In Japan, the Japanese Industrial Robot Association (JIRA) classifies industrial robots by the method of input information and the method of teaching:
Manual Manipulators. Manipulators directly activated by the operator.
Fixed-sequence Robot. Robot that once programmed for a given sequence of operations is not easily changed.
Variable-sequence Robot. Robot that can be programmed for a given sequence of operations and can easily be changed or reprogrammed.
Playback Robot. Robot that "memorizes" work sequences taught by a human being who physically leads the device through the intended work pattern; the robot can then create this sequence repetitively from memory.
Numerically Controlled (NC) Robot. Robot that operates from and is controlled by digital data, as in the form of punched tape, cards, or digital switches; operates like a NC machine.
Intelligent Robot. Robot that uses sensory perception to evaluate its environment and make decisions and proceeds to operate accordingly.
The scientists have defined three generations of robot systems.
The first-generation of robot systems was defined for the various robots with limited computer power. Their main intelligent functions include programming by showing a sequence of manipulation steps by a human operator using a teach box. Without any sensors, these robots f require a prearranged and relatively fixed factory environment and, therefore, have limited use
The second-generation of robot systems was enhanced by the addition of a computer processor. A major step in industrial robotics development was the integration of a computer with the industrial robot mechanism.
Third-generation robot systems incorporate multiple computer processors and multiple arms that can operate asynchronously to perform several functions. These robots can already exhibit intelligent behavior, including knowledge-based control and learning abilities.
The relatively short history of industrial robots, about 40 yr, has been full of ingenious innovations. It is anticipated that with the current explosion of AI research and development efforts the next 40 yr will be just as exciting.