Vocabulary Notes:

illustrious triad - видатна тріада Last Judgement - Страшний Суд destroy -1. знищувати; 2. руйнувати prophet – пророк

bishop – єпископ bell tower - дзвіниця lengthen – подовжувати choir - церковний хор

repairs – ремонт aisle - боковий неф

surmount – увінчувати apse - апсида(архіт.)

rose window - кругле вікно-розетка (архіт.) ambulatory — покрита внутрішня

tympanum - тимпан ( архіт.) галерея

flank - бути розташованим збоку chapel - каплиця;(невелика )церква stained glass- пофарбоване скло axis - вісь

EXERCISES

I. Read and translate the text "Reims Cathedral".

II. Put special questions to the text "Reims Cathedral." Let your fellow -students answer them.

III. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the text:

comprises; is surmounted; repairs; designed; weighs; were destroyed; installed. 1. The extensive .... of the facade and balustrades began in 1875. 2. The central portal .... by a rose window. 3. One of the bells .... more than 11 tons. 4. The spires of the towers .... by fire. 5. Marc Chagall .... the stained glass .... in 1974. 6. The interior of the cathedral.... a choir with double aisles.

IV. Find the Ukrainian or Russian equivalents for:

to replace; to destroy; to erect; to complete; to lengthen; to frame; to surmount; to flank; to rise; to contain; to weigh; to install; to comprise; to decorate; to represent.

V. Retell the text "Reims Cathedral "as close to the original as possible.

Lesson 7

Text 7 renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17^th centuries in different regions of Europe demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture. The Renaissance style developed first in Florence, quickly spread to other Italian cities. Three key figures in Italian Renaissance architecture were Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti and Andrea Palladio.

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) is widely considered the first Renaissance architect. The Renaissance style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degree of impact.

The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in ancient Roman architecture, in particular. Historians often divide the Renaissance in Italy into three phases: Renaissance (1400-1500) also known as the Quattrocento and sometimes Early Renaissance; High Renaissance (1500- 1525) and Mannerism (1520-1600). Italian Renaissance architects based their theories and practices on Classical Roman examples. A pilgrimage to Rome to study the ancient buildings and ruins especially the Coliseum and Pantheon was considered essential for an architect's training. Classical orders and architectural elements such as columns, pilasters, pediments, entablatures, semicircular arches and domes replaced more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buil dings.

However the forms and purposes of buildings had changed over time as well as the structure of cities. Among the earliest buildings of the reborn Classical Rome architecture were churches of a type that the Romans had never constructed. Wealthy merchants of the 15^th century required new types of large city dwellings. There was

no demand for enonnous sporting facilities and public bathhouses the Romans had built. The ancient orders were analyzed and reconstructed to serve new purposes.

Renaissance buildings have a square symmetrical plan in which proportions are usually based on a module. Within a church the module is often the width of art aisle. The aim was to integrate the design of the plan with the fa?ade. The first building to demonstrate this principle was St. Andrea in Mantua by Alberti. Fafades are symmetrical around their vertical axis. Church fa?ades are generally surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and entablatures.

The Roman orders of columns Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite are used. The orders can be strictures supporting an arcade or purely decorative set against a wall in the form of pilasters. Arches are semicircular or segmental. Arches are often used in arcades supported on piers or columns with capitals. Vaults are semicircular or segmental and on a square plan unlike the Gothic vault: which is frequently rectangular. The barrel vault is returned to architectural vocabulary as at St. Andrea in Mantua.

The dome is used frequently both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internally. Domes had been used rarely in the Middle Ages, but after the success of the dome in Brunelleschi's design for the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore and its use in Bramante's plan for St Peter's Basilica ( 1506) in Rome , the dome became an indispensable element in church architecture and later even for secular architecture such as Palladio's Villa Rotonda.

As the new style of architecture spread out from Italy most other European countries developed a sort of proto-Renaissance style before the construction of fully formulated Renaissance buildings. Each country in turn then added its own architectural traditions to the new style so that Renaissance buildings in Europe are diversified. Within Italy the evolution of Renaissance architecture into Mannerism with widely diverging tendencies in the work of Michelangelo, Giulio Romano and Andrea Palladio led to the Baroque style.