1.1 George Eliot

Eliot, George (1819-1880), is pseudonym of MARY ANN OR MARIAN EVANS, English novelist, whose books, with their profound feeling and accurate portrayals of simple lives, give her a place in the first rank of 19th-century English writers. Her fame was international, and her work greatly influenced the development of French naturalism.

George Eliot was born in Chilvers Coton, Warwickshire, the daughter of an estate agent. She was educated at a local school in Nuneaton and later at a boarding school in Coventry. At the age of 17, after the death of her mother and the marriage of her elder sister, she was called home to care for her father. From that time on she was self-taught. A strict religious training, received at the insistence of her father, dominated Eliot's youth. In 1841 she began to read rationalist works, which influenced her to rebel against dogmatic religion, and she remained a rationalist throughout her life.

Eliot's first literary attempt, at which she worked from 1844 to 1846, was a translation of Das Leben Jesu (The Living Jesus, 1835-1836) by the German theologian David Strauss. In 1851, after traveling for two years in Europe, she returned to England and wrote a book review for the Westminster Review. She subsequently became assistant editor of that publication. Through her work on the Review she met many of the leading literary figures of the period, including Harriet Martineau, John Stuart Mill, James Froude, Herbert Spencer, and George Lewes. Her meeting with Lewes, a philosopher, scientist, and critic, was one of the most significant events of her life. They fell in love and decided to live together, although Lewes was married and a divorce was not possible. Nevertheless, Eliot looked upon her subsequent long and happy relationship with Lewes as a marriage.

Eliot continued to write reviews, articles for periodicals, and translations from the German. Then, with encouragement from Lewes, she began to write fiction in 1856. Her first story, "The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton," appeared in Blackwood's Magazine in January 1857. It was followed by two other stories in the same year, and all three were collected in book form as Scenes from Clerical Life (1858). The author signed herself George Eliot and kept her true identity secret for many years.

Among Eliot's best-known works are Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), and Silas Marner (1861). These novels deal with the Warwickshire countryside and are based, to a great extent, on her own life. Travels in Italy inspired her next novel, Romola (1863), a historical romance about the Italian preacher and reformer Girolamo Savonarola and 15th-century Florence. She began writing the book in 1861, and it appeared in 1863, after being serialized in The Cornhill Magazine. Following the completion of Romola, she wrote two outstanding novels, Felix Holt, the Radical (1866), concerned with English politics, and her masterpiece, Middlemarch (1871–72), an unprecedentedly full study of the life of a provincial town, focused on the thwarted idealism of her two principal characters.

George Eliot is a realist, but her realism involves a scientific analysis of the interior processes of social and personal existence. In her famous work «Middlemarch” her heroes are not types but real men who are made good or bad by their actions and by their character which itself is conditioned by environment. The author very skillfully reveals to the reader her heroes’ psychology and moral conflicts. Their desires, passion, temperament and human weaknesses are always struggling with their moral duty. That is why in her novels G. Eliot deals mostly with the problems of religion and morality. She believes that all social contradictions could be solved by “religion of the heart”.

Daniel Deronda (1876) is a novel attacking anti-Semitism, and The Impressions of Theophrastus Such (1879) is a collection of essays. Her poetry, which is considered to have much less merit than her prose, includes The Spanish Gypsy (1868), a drama in blank verse; Agatha (1869); and The Legend of Jubal and Other Poems (1874). Eliot was admired by contemporaries such as Emily Dickinson and later writers such as Virginia Woolf, and has generated much favorable contemporary feminist criticism.

During the period in which she wrote her major works, Eliot was always encouraged and protected by Lewes. He prevented her even from seeing unfavorable reviews of her books. After his death in 1878 she became a recluse (lived alone) and stopped writing. In May 1880 she married John Cross, an American banker, who had long been a friend of both Lewes and herself and who became Eliot's first biographer, but she died in London seven months later.