- •1. Word building system in English
- •2. Borrowings. Types and classifications
- •1. Native element
- •2. Borrowed element
- •3.Problems of English Phraseology
- •5. Argued questions in english morphology
- •Functional arts of speech;
- •6. Phrase
- •7. Study of Parts of Speech
- •8. Sentence, models and classifications
- •Вопрос 10 development of english vocabulary
- •Ways of developing the vocabulary
- •11. The developemnt of dialects & other englishes
- •§ 1. Oe dialects
- •§ 2. Eme & lme dialecte
- •12. Formation of Eng. As analytical language. Transition from synthetical to analytical structure.
- •15 Modification of phonemes in connected speech
- •16 The major functions of the language. The classification of styles.
- •3) Publicistic Style
- •5) Scientific Prose Style
- •17 Phonetic expressivity and graphical means in stylistics
- •18. Tropes and figures of speech (Скребнев ю. М.)
- •1Figures of identity.
- •Syntactical stylistic devices based on transposition:
- •19.Stylistic Syntax.
- •Вопрос 5
- •1St approach :
- •Thought mood.
- •1St approach:
- •1. Word-building means
- •Вопрос 3 Problems of English Phraseology (Ph).
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •Вопрос 20. Stylistic Morphology
- •15. Articulatory classification of English consonants and vowels.
- •1. To the type of obstruction
- •2. To the manner of production the noise
- •3. To the active organs of speech
- •Вопрос 20. Stylistic Morphology
- •15. Articulatory classification of English consonants and vowels.
- •1. To the type of obstruction
- •2. To the manner of production the noise
- •3. To the active organs of speech
2. Borrowings. Types and classifications
Etymological Str-re of Eng Voc: 1. native element: Indo-European, Germanic (so old that they cannot be dated), Eng. proper (5AD after Germanic tribes migrated to British Isles.) 2. borrowed element: Celtic (5-6AD), Latin (1gr.-1BC, 2gr.-7AD, 3gr-Ren.); Scandinavian (8-11AD); French ( Norman brws (11-13AD) & Parisian brws (Ren.); Greek (Ren); Italian (Ren&later); Spanish (Ren-ce&later); German; Indian; Russian and some oth. gr-s }65-70 %
1. Native element
*Indo-European el.: denote concepts without @ no human com-tion w. be possible: family relations (father), parts of human body (nose, heart), animals (cow, goose), plants (tree, corn), time of day (day, night), heavenly bodies (sun, moon, star), numerous adj-s (red, new, sad), the numerals from one to a hundred, pronouns (personal except they @ is Scandinavian brw), demonstrative), numerous verbs (be, stand),
*Germanic el.: w-s/roots common to most Germanic lang-s: parts of the human body (head, finger), animals (bear, fox), plants (oak, grass), natural phenomena (rain, forest), seasons of the year (winter..), landscape features (sea, land), human dwellings and furniture (house, room), sea-going vessels (boat, ship), adj-s (green, blue, high), verbs (see, tell, drink)
*English proper el.: w-s are specifically Eng. having no cognates in other lang-s (bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman).
2. Borrowed element
*1BC: most of territory occupied by the Roman Empire; among the inhabitants are Germanic tribes, “barbarians”; after wars b/w the Germanic tribes & the Romans these two opposing peoples come into peace contact; trade is carried on; Germanic people gain knowledge; Latin (butter, cheese, cherry, pepper, cup, kitchen, wine).
*5AD: Germanic tribes migrated to British Isles; they were confronted by the Celts; Germanic tribes occupied the land; assimilated Celtic words (bald, down, glen, druid). *Some Latin w-s entered the Anglo-Saxon lang-s through Celtic (street, wall).
*7AD - Christianization of England; Latin - official lang.; Latin brws (priest, bishop, monk, nun, candle, school, scholar, magister).
*8-11AD- Scandinavian invasions (call, take, die, law, husband, window, ill, loose, low); initial sk-combination! (sky, skill, skin, ski, skirt).
*1066- English were defeated by the Normans under William the Conqueror; this epoch- eventful in national, social, political, human and also linguistic terms.
*Norman French borrowings: administrative words (state, government, parliament, council, power), legal terms (army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy), educational terms (pupil, lesson, library), terms of everyday life (table, plate, saucer, dinner, supper, river, autumn, uncle).
*The Renaissance Period: developments in science, art; Latin (major, minor, moderate, intelligent, to elect, to create, datum, status, phenomenon, philosophy, method, music) & Greek (atom, cycle, ethics); - period of extensive cultural contacts b/w European states (Parisian dialect of French: regime, routine, police, machine, ballet, scene, technique, bourgeois); Italian (piano, violin, opera, alarm, colonel).
*We can recognize words of Latin and French origin by certain suf., pref.: Latin: suf. ion (communion), tion (relation), ate (appreciate), ute (attribute),able, or (major); French: suffix ence (consequence), ment, prefix en (enable).
*borrowed w-s adjust themselves to their new environment in phonetic, gram. and semantic areas of the new lang. system.and get adapted to the norms of the recipient language; undergo certain changes which gradually erase their foreign features, finally, they are assimilated.
*Etymological doublets – w-s originated from the same etymological source, but dif. in phonemic shape and in mng: senior (Lat.)-sir (Fr.), canal (Lat.) -channel (Fr.); may also consist of a shortened w. and the one from which it was derived: history- story, fantasy- fancy.
*Etymological triplets - groups of 3 w-s of common roots, occur rarer: hospital (L.)-hostel (Norm. Fr.) -hotel (Par. Fr.).
*Translation-loans= special brws (only compound words, are not taken into voc-ry of another lang. in form of their own lang., but undergo the process of translation: wonder child (from Germ. Wunderkind), collective farm (from R. колхоз)..