- •1. Word building system in English
- •2. Borrowings. Types and classifications
- •1. Native element
- •2. Borrowed element
- •3.Problems of English Phraseology
- •5. Argued questions in english morphology
- •Functional arts of speech;
- •6. Phrase
- •7. Study of Parts of Speech
- •8. Sentence, models and classifications
- •Вопрос 10 development of english vocabulary
- •Ways of developing the vocabulary
- •11. The developemnt of dialects & other englishes
- •§ 1. Oe dialects
- •§ 2. Eme & lme dialecte
- •12. Formation of Eng. As analytical language. Transition from synthetical to analytical structure.
- •15 Modification of phonemes in connected speech
- •16 The major functions of the language. The classification of styles.
- •3) Publicistic Style
- •5) Scientific Prose Style
- •17 Phonetic expressivity and graphical means in stylistics
- •18. Tropes and figures of speech (Скребнев ю. М.)
- •1Figures of identity.
- •Syntactical stylistic devices based on transposition:
- •19.Stylistic Syntax.
- •Вопрос 5
- •1St approach :
- •Thought mood.
- •1St approach:
- •1. Word-building means
- •Вопрос 3 Problems of English Phraseology (Ph).
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •Вопрос 20. Stylistic Morphology
- •15. Articulatory classification of English consonants and vowels.
- •1. To the type of obstruction
- •2. To the manner of production the noise
- •3. To the active organs of speech
- •Вопрос 20. Stylistic Morphology
- •15. Articulatory classification of English consonants and vowels.
- •1. To the type of obstruction
- •2. To the manner of production the noise
- •3. To the active organs of speech
Вопрос 5
Argued questions in English morphology.
The question of parts of speech is extremely difficult/ argued.
Noun. Some scholars expressed the thought that English nouns have analytical structures and they possess analytical cases (genitive case can be expressed by means of the of-case (dative into, instrumental - by, with).
And there are following questions: Can preposition be used as analytical forms for noun cases? Can the meanings of the meanings of the prepositions be universal (monosemantic). The answer is no. Because monosemantic meaning can not be outlined only within the context. (Of worker's family - only through context we can see the genitive case. So in English we can speak only about the possessive case. The meaning that all prepositions have additional meanings which are understood in the context.
From the beginning of 70s the linguists acknowledged the presence of zero morpheme. It means that existence of zero morpheme can be revealed in opposition structuralists called it marked - unmarked member. At present this theory is not widely used.
The question of case is also argued.
1St approach :
There are 2 cases of English nouns:
Common
Possessive
Side by side with this view there are a number of other views, which can be roughly classified into 2 main groups:
the number of cases in English is more than two.
there are no cases at all in English nouns.
Case is the category of noun expressing relations between the thing denoted by the noun and other things, or properties, or actions, and manifested by some formal sign in the noun itself. This sign is almost always an inflexion (OE mann - menn - dative), and it may also be a "zero" sign, i.e. the absence of any sign may be significant as distinguishing one particular case from another.
The second member of case opposition for English noun has no morphological status and loosing morphological character it has got syntactical status and has approach in syntactical level. E.g. today's paper.
Such formations must be studied on the level of syntax. New term for possessive case (Muhin) - category of atributeness. If the possessive case enters the syntactical level, there is no common case.
Adjective, adverb. There are some argued questions connected with the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
1. The number of degrees:
Positive Comparative
Comparative or Superlative
Superlative
2. Some scholars consider that adjectives and adverbs have analytical forms I degrees of comparison (more/most+adj or adv). According to Ivanova such combinations are not analytical structures. The main principle of the analytical element is its full grammaticalization (no lexical meaning is preserving). But the lexical meaning of the words "more" and "most" is preserved moreover one of these elements can be doubled to achieve stronger expressiveness (more difficult). These words have antonyms which is typical of words having lexical meaning. So they are not analytical forms.
3. The definite article with Superlative (whether the article belongs to the noun defined by the adjective in the superlative degree or whether it makes part and parcel of the superlative degree).
Verb. The analytical character of voice and mood is dubious question.
Voice category. There are 2 voices: active and passive. Passive voice certainly has the analytical structure but in English there are verbal formations reflexive combinations, (to find oneself, to amuse oneself)
The question is: are they analytical forms or just simple phrases? This question remains disputable.
The majority of scholars suppose that they must be treated as a special form of a verb which must be studied as referring to the word building level. Ilish and Smirnitsky do not include reflective voice in voice system of English. They do not think that verb + reflexive pronoun form analytical paradigm.
Eg. She washed her child.
She washed herself.
No opposition to active voice. There are not two different voices but two different objects. Reflexive meaning can be established a defined only in a wider context.
The category of mood. One of the first scholars - Henry Sweet - put a question that in English there are practically no forms to express the category of mood. He tied to answer : there are two types of mood expressed by verbal forms: