3) Publicistic Style

Features: it has spoken varieties, aim- to exert a constant and deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader, brevity of expression

{a} Oratory and speeches – persuasion is the main purpose

{b}Essay – personal opinion is expressed

{c}Articles

4) Newspaper Style (brief news items and communiques, press report, articles purely informational in character, advertisements and announcements)

Purpose of informing and instructing the reader

{a} Brief news items (complex setences, terms, special word oder, cliches, abbriv)

{b} The headlines

{c} Adverticements and announcements

{d} The editorial – the intermediate phenomenon, bearing features of the newspaper and publicistic style.

5) Scientific Prose Style

Function: to prove hypothesis, to create new concepts, etc.

Features: logical sequence, terms, quotations, footnotes,impersonality, scientific syntax models

Peculiarities on levels: morphological – we instead of I, finite forms of verbs, lexical – bookish words, neologisms, proper names, syntactical – no ellipses, complex sent, passive constructions, compositional

6) Style of Official documents: the language of business documents, the language of legal documents, the language of diplomatic, documents, the language of military documents.

Peculiarities: cliches, abbrev. Symbols, no words with emotive meaning

17 Phonetic expressivity and graphical means in stylistics

Stylistic phonetics includes euphonic arrangement of utterance, intonation, rhyme, rhythm, different combinations of sounds. Phonetic stylistic devices deal with sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poetry. Sound perception perform impression: pleasant/unpleasant.

2 branches: paradigmatic phonetics, syntagmatic phonetics

paradigmatic phonetics - stylistic phonetics of units ,studies sounds, sequences of sounds. It studies correspondence or discrepancy between form and meaning. (euphony, cacophony (phonosemantics – sound symbolism), alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, consonance, paronomasia)

syntagmatic phonetics-stylistic phonetics of sequences- it studies stylistic value of linear combinations, chains of speech sounds, studies prosody(tonality, length, force, tempo, rhythm, volume, stress).

Paradigmatic phonetics includes:

1. Euphony-(sweetness of sounds) denotes sounds usually produced by long vowels rather than consonants. Produce sense of ease and comfort.

2.Assonance (“vocalic rhyme”)- repetition of similar vowel sounds to achieve effect of euphony in the middle/end of the phrase (assonance seldom can be in the initial position).Assonance provides the rhythmical organization of text.(”Raven” by E. Po the repetition of sound [ei]maiden,radiant, ctreates the image of lightand beautiful).

3. Cacophony- use of harsh, unpleasant sounds to achieve a particular effect.

4. Dissonance- the arrangement of cacophonous sounds in words, rhythmical patterns for a particular effect.

5.Onomatopoeia- phonetic stylistic device creating the image of an object in people’s mind-combination of speech sounds aiming at imitating sounds of nature, things, people, animals. Direct - Is the imitation of natural sounds.

Ding-dong, buzz, mew-mew, bang, cuckoo). Indirect – (“echo-writing”) it doesn’t reproduce the sound, but expresses it by means of repetition (slow, softly, silently- imitation of hissing sound of a snake).

Theory of sense – independence of separate sounds: it presupposes that sounds speak for themselves ([fl] moving light: flame,flicker, flash;[i] smallness: inch, kid, little).

6. Alliteration- is a repetition of similar consonant sounds, especially in the beginning of the word.In OE it was used for writting the ‘Beowulf’. Ex. Can be found in tongue-twisters, book titles (The last leaf), set expressions(now or never, good as gold). Function is to create a melodic effect to the utterance.

7. Paronomasia – co-occurrence of paronyms (words which are similar in sound, but different in meaning). Involves play upon words. (очей очарование, raven – never, he defied allegations, but couldn’t deny alligators).

Syntagmatic phonetics includes: Rhythmical organization of utterance.

In versed line foot is the smallest segment of the line consisting of 1stressed and 2 unstressed syllables.

Meter – refers to the pattern of stressed or unstressed syllables in verse.

In English verse meter is based on stress, and Arnold distinguishes 2 types of them:

1.Strong stress mater – equal spends of time between syllables. (conversational speech)

2.Syllable-stress meter – line consists of feet having one stress syllable proceeding by certain number of unstressed ones. (introduced by Chasseur)

There are 5 possible combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables:Trochee () - foot consist of 2 syllables, the first stressed. (ex: duty, evening, honey); Iambus ( ) - foot consist of 2 syllables, the 1^st is unstressed (ex: mistake, prepare, enjoy); Dactyl () - foot consist of 3 syllables, the stress is upon the 1^st syllable. (wonderful, beautiful); Amphibrach () ex: umbrella, continue.; Anapest ( ) ex:disagree, understand

The metrical characteristic of verse line depends on the number of feet in it.

Types of line according to the number of feet: Monomet- line consists of only one foot Dimeter – 2 feetTrimeter– 3 feet Tetrameter– 4 feetPentameter– 5 feetHexameter– 6 feet Septameter– 7 feetOctameter– 8 feet

The number of feet corresponds to the number of stress.

Rhythm – flow movement characterized by basically regular recurrence of elements or feature, as beat, or accent in alliteration with opposite or different elements or features (R.is primarily a periodicity, which requires specification as to the type of periodicity; main factor which brings order into the utterance;R.demands oppositions that alternate long, short, stressed, unstressed, high, low and other segments of speech).

Rhyme – repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combinations of words. In verse they are usually placed at the end of corresponding lines.

The types of rhymes:

• Ac. to the position of the rhyme within the stanza (Arnold)

1.end-rhymes the rhyming words are placed at the end of the line. They are : couplets aa, adjacent aa, bb, cc, triple aaa, cross abab, framing(ring) abba; 2.internal rhymes –within the line; 3.beginning rhymes - at the beginning of the line. 4.head rhymes 5.blank verse(verse libre) – rhymeless verse (белый стих)

- ac. to morphological peculiarities

1.simple (one word) single words that make rhyme. ex: stone-alone2.compound (broken, word-group) 2 or more words joined together by one stress. ex: favorite – savor it.

- according to the position of the stressed vowel

1.male(masculine) – words in line end with stressed syllables. (monosyllabic rhymes), understand-hand2.female (feminine)- words in line end with unstressed syllables. ex: duty-beauty, berry-marry3.dactylic (triple, treble)- rhymes in which the stressed syllable is followed by 2 unstressed. ex: battery-flattery

- ac. to the manner of perception

1.ear-rhyme- sounds are identical.2.eye rhyme- where the letters and not the sounds are identical. Ex: love-prove

- ac. to the degree of similarity

1full (complete) rhyme 2.incomplete rhyme (vowel rhyme - vowels identical, consonants different (flesh-fresh-press) ;consonant rhyme - consonants identical, vowels different (worth-forth);dissonant rhyme – ex: devil-evil)

The structure of verse.

Stanza – two or more verse lines. Stanza – largest unit in verse.

1. Ballad stanza (folk ballads)meter – iambus- 4 lines, the 1^st and the 3^rd have 4 feet each(tetrameter), the 2^nd and the 4^th have three(trimeter) (abcb)2.Heroic couplet –2 iambic pentameters with the rhyming pattern (aa, bb) ex: Chaucer – Canterbury tales.3.Spenserian stanza – 9 lines, 1^st eight – iambic, 9^th – iambic hexameter. (ab ab bc bc c) 4.Ottava rima 8 iambic pentameters. (abababcc) 5.Sonet – 14 iambic pentameters (ababcdcdefefgg) Shakespeare 6.Limerick – 5 line

Graphical means in stylistics serve to convey in written form emotions expressed in oral speech by intonation and stress, they help to attract attention to essential details, features of speech(Kukharenko).

Emphatic punctuation- it aims at conveying the emotional coloring of the text, its pervading atmosphere:

exclamatory and interrogative marks.

1) Exclamatory & interrogative marks- if the text is abundant in them, it makes it highly-emotional. exclamatory mark - denote ironical attitude or irritation of speaker, astonishment, incredibility.

2)emotional pauses in the speech are reflected by means of dashes(-) or suspension marks(...)- they show hesitation, embarrassment, lack of confidence, nervousness:the usual feature of aposiopesis;uncertainty; you can make a conclusion by yourself; attract attention; can be combined with “time fillers” (mmm…..well…)

3)frequent use of full-stops - division of the text into short sentences for parcellation and nominative sentences creating camera-eye effect.

4)inverted commas- for introduction of direct speech.

5) absence pf punctuation - used for dynamic development of events;absence pf punctuation signify the connection between different epochs and cultures in human history.

graphon- unusual, non-standard spelling of a word.

Graphon is devided :

1. temporary (childish speech, intoxication, tender age, overemotional state, ignorance of discussed things)

2. permanent (speech deficiency, dialect, social status, territorial, education).

Forms of graphon: 1) doubling: (N-no!) 2)multiplication: (laaaarge)3) hyphenation, scanning: (g-irl).

Change of print type

1)italics-in quotes, titles, epigraphs, foreign words, if it’s in subordinate part of speech, significant words. (ex: you are a baby) 2)bold type-the same 3)capitalization- one letter in the word may be capitalized or a whole word in order to show peculiar emphatic intonation or loudness.

Means of creating visual image: division of the text into paragraphs; division of the poem into stanzas; pattern-poetry(фигурные стихи): anagrams- rearrangement letters of the word in order to form new word.(ex: the eyes-they see, all England – golden land); antigrammes – like anagrams, but letters form antonysm. (ex: funeral-real fun); cronogrammes - numbers – letters (ex: I-1, V-5, X-10, L-50, C-100, D-500, M-1000); lipogrammes – “wanting a letter” – omitting letters.

palindromes –same word with both sides (ex:Madam I am Adam); panagram – sentence - contains all letters of alphabet. - Also there are shaped poems(altar poems); Rabelar poem(Рабле) – bottle shape songs; Mouse tail poems - poem in the form of mouse tail.