1. Word building system in English

WB studies means of forming new W. (w. is studied as a ready made unit). Morphemes - constituent parts of w-s; the minimum meaningful language unit; subdivided into roots and affixes. Affixes subdivided into prefixes, suffixes and infixes.

Affixes can be divided into: *functional (serve to convey gram. mng, build dif. forms of one and the same w. (near-nearer-the nearest)) & derivational (serve to supply the stem with components of lexical and lexico-gram. mng) } m.b. identical in sound form, but they are substantially dif. in mng, function, statical characteristics and structural properties *productive (used to form new w-s in the period in question: de/re/pre/non/un/anti (Telly=television) & non-productive (recognized as separate morphemes and possess clear-cut semantic characteristics); *native (existed in Eng. in the OE period or were formed from OE w-s (dom/hood/ lock/ful/less/like/slip) & borrowed (are classified acc. to their source in Latin (able/ible/ant/ent), French (age/ance/ence/ancy/ency/ard/ate/sy), Greek (/ist/ism/ite)* c. b. polysemantic: er can denote: profession (teacher), an agent (giver, taker), locative mng (villager), names of objects (cutter, trailer).

Suffixes (is a derivational morpheme following the stem and forming a new derivative in a dif. part of speech/dif. w.). Acc. to the parts of speech: *noun-forming: age/ance/ence (assistance, reference), ant/ent (disinfectant), dom/ee/eer/er/ess/hood/ing/ion/sion/tion/ation (rebellion, tension), ism/icism/ist (noverist), ment/ness/ship/(i)ty; *adjective-forming:able/ible/uble/al/ic (poetic), ical/ant/ent (dependent), ary (revolutionary), ate/ete (complete), ed/d/ful/ian (African), ish (childish), ive/less/like/ly/ous/ious/some/y; *adverb-forming: ly/ward/wise (likewise); derogatory (ard (drunkard), ling (underling), ster (gangster), ton (simpleton)) & diminutive (emotionally coloured: y/ie/ey: auntie, daddy, hanky (handkerchief), nightie (night-gown)); * express smallness: en (chicken), kin/kins (mankin), let (booklet), ock (hillock), et (cornet) -are not very productive, there is a tendency to express the same mng by the semi-affixes –mini, e.g. mini-bus. * can change a stem to another part of speech: read-reader, transform a stem to another lexical and gram. category: London-Londoner, attribute another connotative mng to a stem: book-booklet, change the gender of a noun: actor-actress.

Prefixes (is a derivational morpheme standing before the root and modifying mng)

*Negative: de- in neologisms (decentralize); dis- negation (appear-disappear); non- in abstract verbal nouns (nonsense); im- b/f bilabials, ir- b/f r (irregular), il- b/f l (illegal), in- b/f all other cons-s & v-ls (indirect); un- 2 mngs: 1) simple negation (adj.stems: happy-unhappy, even-uneven; 2) shows actions contrary to that of the simple w.(verbal stems: do-undo); re- repetition of action (arrange-rearrange) } affect only the lexical mng *serve to form w-s belonging to dif. P of Sp.: be/en/em - verb-forming (belittle/engulf/embed); a- statives (afraid, asleep, awake); pre/post/non/anti- adj.(anti-war, pre-war, non-party). *in/a/ab - place (inside, abduct); *out/over/under – degree (outlive, overfeed, undernourish). *H.Sweet (among borrowed morphemes): amphi/ana/apo/cata/exo/en/hypo/meta/sina (Gr.) (anaphora); ab/ad/amb (L.) (adverbial).

Compounding (combining 2 stems). Stems: derived (writing-table) & complex (air-craft carrier); neutral (handicraft, in @ the uniting component is used to form the compound) & morphological (productive for adj.: Franco-Italian). Compounds may be formed by conversion (to handcuff) or reversion (to dressmake) or lexicolization (splitting of word forms and separation of this word form in an independent unit: forget-me-not)

*Arnold’s classification: from free-stems (film star); in which at least one component is a derivating stem (chain-smoker); in which one component is an abbreviation (math-mistress); in which one component is already existing compound (waste-paper-basket).

Conversion (a P. of Sp. is formed out of some other P. of Sp. without any changes in the word form (hand-to hand). Smirnitsky: such w-s differ not only in their syntactic functions but in paradigm: hand, hands and hand, handed, handing, hands. *appear not only b/w 2 members but b/w more: mistake: noun, transitive verb and intransitive verb - ошибка, неправильно понять, ошибаться. *6-member C.: round- круглый, круг. кругом, вокруг, округлять, округляться. *The main model of C. (N-V model): instrument or tool and the action performed with these instruments; person and the activity of the person(police/ police); animals - activity of animals (wolf/ to wolf; snake/ to snake); animals and touching these animals (fish/ to fish); place and local action connected (pocket/ to pocket); feeling – its expression (love/ to love); action - periodical quick activity (jump/ to jump); period of time - use of it period (winter/ to winter).

Coinage (invention of totally new terms- trade names @ become general terms without initial capital: aspirin, nylon, kleenex, teflon, xerox).

Blending (combination of 2 separate forms to produce a single new term - taking the bgning of one w. and joining it to the end of the other w.): Smog (smoke &fog), Chunnel(channel-tunnel) .

Backformation (reversion/reduction- when a w. of one type (N.) is reduced to form another w. of a dif. type (V.)): donate from donation, babysit from babysitter. *Hypocorisms – a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then y/or/ie is added to the end (movie=moving pictures, telly=television).

Acronyms (formed from the initial letters of a set of other words: CD=compact disk, VCR= video cassette recorder, pronunciation consists of the set of letters pronounced as single words (NATO, UNESCO).