Shall, Should and Ought to
Meaning |
Forms |
Ways of rendering into Ukrainian |
Other ways to express the same meaning |
Sentence patterns |
1. promise (in statements and negatives)
|
smb shall do smb shan’t do
|
by emphatic intonation |
|
Don’t worry, you shall have a minute’s rest before the meeting begins. |
2. threat and warning (in statements and negatives) |
smb shall do smb shan’t do
|
by emphatic intonation |
|
You shall be sorry. Put on your warm coat or you shall be sick. |
3. asking for instructions (in questions) |
Shall I (he, she, we, they) do smth? |
by emphatic intonation |
Must I do it? Do you want me to do it? Am I to do it? |
Shall I read the text again? Shall he do it? |
4. advice and mild obligation (in statements, questions and negatives) |
should (not) do ought (not) to do |
|
|
You should take this medicine three times a day before your meals. |
5. criticism of a past action (in statements and negatives) |
should (not) have done ought (not) have done |
|
|
You ought to / should be speaking more clearly. You oughtn't to / shouldn’t have done it. |
6. supposition implying probability (in statements and negatives) |
should (not) do ought (not) to do |
|
very likely very probably probably not it’s unlikely that |
Our guests should / ought to be here soon. This homework oughtn’t to / shouldn’t take you too long. |
7. set expressions (in questions) |
Why should somebody do smth? Why should smb have done smth? |
|
|
Why should I go there? Why should he have told us the truth? |
7. Will and Would
Meaning |
Forms |
Ways of rendering into Ukrainian |
Other ways to express the same meaning |
Sentence patterns |
1. volition (in statements and negatives)
|
will / would do won’t / wouldn’t do
|
хочу не бажаю все одно відмовля-ється |
I intend I’m willing We want Smb refuses |
I won’t do it. She wouldn’t take the medicine. The pen won’t write. |
2. requests (in questions) |
will do would do (sounds more polite)
|
будь ласка |
Could you give me … May I ask you to give … |
Will you pass me the salt? Would you come to tea this afternoon? |
3. a repeated action (in past statements) |
would do |
звичайно бувало |
|
He would fish for hours without catching anything. |
4. order |
will do |
by emphatic intonation |
|
You will do it at once. |
5. prediction of a future action |
will do |
|
|
His latest book will be out next month. I think it will rain tomorrow. |
6. certainty about the present and past (in statements and negatives) |
will / would do – present will / would have done – past |
певен скоріш за все напевно |
I believe I’m sure I guess |
Leave the meat in the oven. It won’t be cooked yet. |