- •Лекции по Теоретической Фонетике для Переводчиков Курс лекций состоит из 10. План Лекций.
- •Lecture 1. Phoetics: art or science? Phonetics as a branch of linguistics.
- •Is phonetics science or art?
- •Intonation
- •2. Language acquisition: how speech sounds are learned.
- •Lecture 2. Sounds of speech. Articulatory and acoustic aspects of speech sounds. Functional aspect of sounds of speech. The phoneme theory.
- •Sounds of Speech. Production of speech. Organs of speech.
- •1. Articulatory aspect of speech sounds.
- •2. The Acoustic aspect of speech sounds.
- •3. Functional aspect of sounds of speech. The theory of a phoneme.
- •4. Main trends in phoneme theory.
- •Lecture 3-4. The System of English phonemes. Modifications of phonemes in connected speech.
- •The system of English phonemes.
- •1. The phonemic status of a sound
- •English Vowels. Vowel Phonemes.
- •III. Vowels in the unstressed position.
- •Ofisəz :: ofisiz əkspet :: iksept
- •Modifications Of vowels in the connected speech.
- •In the vowel system:
- •Lecture 5. Syllable Syllabification. Syllabic structure of English words.
- •1. Syllable as phonetic and phonological unit
- •II. Syllable formation.
- •II. Syllable division.
- •Lecture 6. Word stress Word accent in English. Accentual structure of English words.
- •I. Word accent. Word accent in English.
- •2. Positional aspects of a word stress..
- •3. Functional aspect of a word accent.
- •II. Accent structures in English language.
- •Lecture 7.
- •Intonation.
- •Lecture 8. Speech melody. Components and functions.
- •II. The form and function of the main components of the speech melody.
- •Informative function.
- •Lecture 10. Dialect or Accent. Phonostylistics.
- •What is a dialect?
- •Accent, dialect & language.
II. Syllable division.
Syllable division is very closely connected with syllable formation. Syllable division is a controversial point. Authoritative sources follow different principles in syllabification in attaching a single consonant at the syllable boundary either to the first syllable (Maximum Stress): lad-y, or to the second syllable (Maximum Onset): la-dy.
Syllable division is marked by an increase of muscular tension and greater force of an exhalation.
Syllable division in various languages has the linguistic importance as it enables to create typology of syllables and syllabic structure of significant units of language, i.e. morphemes and phonemes.
Syllable division determines syllabic structure of a language, its syllabic typology. The science which is engaged in the problems of the syllable division is called phonotactics.
Correct syllable division is very important because closely connected with pronunciation and thus with understanding. Wrong division of words into syllables can result in phonological mistakes and as a result will lead to misunderstanding. Compare: a name - an aim; a nice house - an ice house; she saw the meet - she saw them eat.
It is easy to understand that syllabic structure of a language, as well as its phonemic system, is patterned. It means, that sounds in a language are grouped in syllables according to certain rules.
As phoneticians specify, the problem of syllable division in English exists only in the case, when a consonant (or the combination of consonants) is in intervocalic position as in words city, dirty, pretty …
In such cases the point of syllable division is not easily found.
Some phoneticians claim, that the border of a syllable passes right after the intervocalic consonant, while the others insist, that it goes directly through the consonant. In both cases the syllable remains closed according to the rules of phonotactics. The instrumental analyses showed, that the border of a syllable in such words as pity, topic, measure, Bobby. i.e. (C) VCV (C) type, passes directly through the consonant.
Syllable division of English words is based on the following rules.
the intervocalic consonant tends to join the following syllabic sound if it is preceded by a diphthong, long vowel or a short unchecked vowel. The boundary goes immediately after the vowel Like in words: be- ti, ho- tə, mΛ- nІ, a:mi, o:dinari
Here some peculiarities or different points of view should be taken into account.
the intervocalic consonant can belong to the short vowel preceding it (pity, cofi, beter)
the intervocalic consonant can belong to the short vowel following it piti, cofi, beter
syllable boundary goes through the consonant ( in this case both consonant sounds structurally belong to preceding and flowing vowels) .
2. A short stressed vowel separated from another syllabic sound only by one consonant is considered to form a closed syllable a syllable boundary being within the consonant: meni, spanish, bodi, etc.
Now we shall proceed directly to the function of the English syllable of which we may count 2.
Well, English syllable possesses two basic functions.
The First function is constitutive function. It lies in its ability to be a part of a word or a word itself. As the syllable forms language units of a higher rank (morphemes, words).
The Second important function of a syllable – is distinctive. i.e. syllables can distinguish words and word forms. Compare:
Nitrate - night rate, an aim - a name, mice kill - my skill, peace talks - pea stalks, I saw her eyes - I saw her rise.
Summarizing the whole idea, I would like to once again mention, that the syllable can be viewed as the smallest pronounceable unit of a certain linguistic importance, belonging to a segmental and suprasegmental level.