The list of terms
Introduction:
lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and logos ‘learning’) is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language and the properties of words as the main units of language.
the word denotes the basic unit of a given language; the word is a unit of speech which, as such, serves the purposes of human communication.
phraseology is a branch of lexicology studying phraseological units (set expressions, praseologisms, or idioms (in foreign linguistics). Phraseological units differ from free word-groups semantically and structurally: 1) they convey a single concept and their meaning is idiomatic, i.e. it is not a mere total of the meanings of their components 2) they are characterized by structural invariability (no word can be substituted for any component of a phraseological unit without destroying its sense (to have a bee in one’s bonnet (not cap or hat). 3) they are not created in speech but used as ready-made units
synchronic study of the vocabulary deals with the vocabulary and vocabulary units of a particular language at a certain time.
diachronic study of the vocabulary- evaluation of the vocabulary units of a
language as the time goes by.
Chapters 1 and 2:
functional style-system of expressing means peculiar to as passific sphere of communication.
the sphere of communication-circumstances attending the process of speech an each particular case.
formal style-is used in formal situations
colloquial words Colloquial words are subdivided into a) literary b) familiar and c) low colloquial words.
Literary colloquiallisms are used in everyday conversational speech both by cultivated and uneducated people: kid (for “child”), pal, chum (for “friend”), hi, hello, zip (for “zip fastener”), exam, fridge, flu.
Familiar colloquial words are used mostly by the young and the semi-educated: doc (doctor), ta-ta (good-bye), shut up, beat it (go away).
The low colloquial group is formed by obscene, vulgar, swear words used mostly in the speech of uncultivated people.
Colloquial words should not be used under formal circamstances, in compositions and reports.
slang- Slang is mainly used by the young and uneducated and helps the speakers dissosiate themselves from others. In the course of time slang words either disappear or become neutral lexical units (slang is colourful, humourous and catching and may be accepted by all the groups of speakers).
dialect words are defined variarty of the language which prevails in a district with local peculiarities of vocabulary, pronansiation can be different.
Informal style is used in ones immediate circle ( Family, friends, relatives)
learned words include several subdivisions of words: literary, or refined words, poetic words, words used in scientific prose and officialese (штамп, канцеляризм).
archaic words stand close to “learned” words, esp. poetic words. They are words which are partially or fully out of circulation and can be found in books
obsolete words- words that dropped from the language, survive only in special contexts.
professional terminology generally remain in circulation within a definite community, as they are linked to a common occupation and common social interests.