III. Синтаксис

I. Краткое содержание курса лекций.

Lecture I. Syntax as a Part of Grammar.

The subject of syntax. Word-combinations and sentences. Pre­dication and modality. Syntactical function. Types of syntactical connection (co-ordination, subordination, predicative relations, opposition). The notion of valence.

Lecture II. The Sentence as the Basic Unit of Syntax.

The definition of the sentence. The difference between the sentence and the word or word-combination. Methods of the analy­sis of sentences: traditional, distributional, substitutional, transformative, generative. Creation of models. Immediate consti­tuents and derivation tree . Transformation and paraphrasing.

Lecture III. Types of Classification of Sentences.

Communicative types of sentences. Varieties of questions. Emotiveness and exclamation. The problem of the syntactical sta­tus of exclamatory sentences. Functional transposition of commu­nicative types. Non-sentence utterances (vocative, meta-communicative, interjective). Structural. classification of sentences. Simple sentence (basic patterns). The role of word-order in the English sentence. Elliptical sentences. Means of expressing ne­gation.

Lecture IV. Composite Sentence: Variants, Principles of composition, Classification.

Polypredication. Compound sentences. Syndetic and asyndetic methods of joining the clauses. Marked and unmarked connections. Predicative volume. Copulative connection. Types of coordination and varieties of coordinations. The complex sentence..Position and functions of the principle clause. Functional and categorial classification of subordinative clauses. Types of subordinators. Semi-compound and semi-complex sentences.

Lecture V. The Constituent Structure of the Sentence.

The division of the sentence into members in traditional grammar and the criticism of this approach. The problem of the principle and secondary members. General characteristics of the subject and the predicate and their interrelation. The structural classification of the predicate. Ways of the subject expression. The secondary members: their classification, functions and morpho­logical incarnation. Independent elements of the sentence (paren­theses, extensions, specifiers).

Lecture VI. Functional Sentence Perspective.

The purpose of the actual division, of the sentence. Varieties of the theme-rherne arrangement of the sentence. The content of the theme and the rheme. Methods of their indicating . The role of suprasegmental features (melody, pausation, tempo of speech) in extracting the comment out from the whole utterance.

Lecture VII. Word-combinations.

The definition of phrase. The difference of the phrase from the word and the sentence. Exocentric (predicative and prepo­sitional) and endocentric (coordinative and subordinative) phrases. The concepts of parataxis and hypotaxis. Morphological and syntactical classification of phrases.

Lecture VIII. The Pragmatics of the Sentence.

The object, of pragmatic syntax. The notion of the communicati­ve intention. Communicative intentions and propositions. Pragmatization of speech through communicative situation. Three main forces of verbal interaction. The Speech acts theory (Austin, Searle). Classification of speech acts. Direct and indirect speech acts. The problem of emotives. Performatives as peculiar speech acts.

Lecture IX. The Suprasentential Units.

The notion of text in linguistics. The main features, forms and bounds of text. The problem of textual typology. Microtext (superphrasal units) and macrotext. The sentence and the text, The semantics of the text. The notion and role of lexical thematic lines. Text, context and presupposition. The notion of discourse as a practical presentation of speech and the means of the interpretation of meaning.

Lecture X. Text.

Text as a syntactic unit. The notion of coherence. The notion of cohesion. Textual and lexical varieties. Text connecting devices in written and in oral speech. Textual deictic markers. Types of textual deixis.

Lecture XI. Discourse analysis.

The definition of discourse. Dichotomy of Text and Discourse. Pragmatic aspects of language in use. Maxims of conversation. Implicatures and indirectness.