- •1. The subject of lexicological investigation
- •2. Types of vocabulary units
- •3. The position of lexicology in the language hierarchy. Links with other linguistic sciences
- •2.The theory of a word (mid 50s, professor Smirnitsky)
- •3.The morphemic structure of a word.
- •2.The notion of a word-building pattern (wbp) as a two-facet linguistic unit
- •3.Productivity (pr) of word-building patterns
- •4.The basic types of word-building in present day English
- •1. Language meaning: lexical (lm) and grammatical meaning (gm)
- •2. The definition of lm according to the referential approach
- •4. Development of new meanings Causes:
- •1. The nature of polysemy
- •2. A lexico-semantic variant (lsv), its notion
- •1. The definition of synonyms
- •4. The dominant synonym.
- •2. Causes of phraseological units.
- •1. General Characteristics of „the English Language in Different Parts of the English-Speaking World
- •2. Lexical Differences of Territorial Variants
- •3. Local Dialects in the British Isles
- •4. Local Dialects in the usa
- •1) Comment on the terms:
- •2.Explain the basis for the following jokes:
- •3. Specify lexical and grammatical meaning of the following words:
- •4.1Dentify the denotative and connotative elements of the meanings in the following pairs of words:
- •5.Define the type of transference which has taken place:
- •2.Write out from a dictionary all the meanings of the following words. Comment on the semantic structure of the words:
- •3.Single out the denotative and connotative components of meaning of the synonyms in the following examples:
- •4.Using the semantic criterion prove that the rows of words are synonyms:
- •5.Find the dominant synonym in the following groups of synonyms:
- •7.Find antonyms for the words given below:
- •8.Change the sentences so that they express the contrary meaning by using antonyms. State whether they are absolute or derivational:
- •9.Find antonyms in the proverbs. Translate them into Russian:
- •6. Give Russian equivalents of the phraseological units. Memorize them and use them in speech:.
- •7.Give the English equivalents for the following Russian proverbs:
- •8.Complete the following sentences, using the phraseological units given in the list below. Translate them into Russian.
- •12.Complete the paired phraseological units in the sentences below. Choose from the following:
- •7.The italicized words and word-groups in the following extracts belong to informal style. Describe the stylistic peculiarities of each extract in general. Look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary:
- •8.Compose the following brief situations. Your language and style should suit both the subject and the situation:
- •2.Find:
- •3.Јxplain the differences in the meanings of the following words in American and British English:
- •4.1Dentify the etymology of the following words:
- •5.Say which of the two words is American and which is British. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •6.Translate into English giving two variants - British and American:
- •7. Translate the following sentences:
2. Causes of phraseological units.
When one of the components of a word-group becomes archaic or drops out of the language altogether the whole word-group may become completely or partially non-motivated.
When as a result of a change in the semantic structure of a polysemantic word some of its meanings disappear and can be found only in certain collocations.
3) When a free word-group used in professional speech penetrates into general literary usage.
4) Sometimes extra-linguistic factors may account for the loss of motivation.
5) When a word-group making up -part of a proverb or saying begins to be used as a self-contained unit.
When part of a quotation from literary sources, mythology or the Bible begins to be used as a self-contained unit.
Phraseological units may be of international currency.
3. Principles of classification. 1) thematic/ etymological: idioms are classified according to their sources of origin. 2)Ac.V.V. Vinogradov's(1946):
p.u. of the synthetic type which are word equivalents (ph. combinations, ph. unities, ph. fusions)
p.u. of analytic type which have word groups as their equivalents.
3) The structural principle of classifying ph.u. is based on their ability to perform the same syntactical functions as words: verbal; substantive; adverbial; interjectional.
4) Pr Smirnitsky's classification is an attempt to combine the structural and the semantic principles. Ph.u. are grouped
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according to the number and semantic significance of their constituent parts into:
one-summit units (verb-adverb, attributive, preposition-noun)
two-summit and multi-summit (verb-noun, adjective-noun, phraseological repetition)
On the semantic principle he classifies ph.u. into:
1) ph.u.proper are units with non-figurative meanings,
2) idioms with transferred meanings based on a metaphor.
Amosova suggested the procedure of a contextual analysis. Ph.u. are units of constant context and are a specific and unchangeable sequence of lexical components and peculiar semantic relationships. They are subdivided into: phrasemes and idioms.
Pr Koonin's classification is based on the combined structural-semantic principle and considers the stability of ph.u. According to their function in communication he distinguishes 4 classes of ph.u.: nominative, nominative-communicative, interjectional and communicative.
These four types are further subdivided.
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Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary
The word-stock of the English vocabulary is divided into literary vocabulary and colloquial vocabulary or the literary layer and the colloquial layer in accordance with the generally recognized division of language into literary and colloquial. The general aspect of the literary layer is its markedly bookish formal character. The general aspect of the colloquial layer is its spoken lively character. These two layers stand in opposition to neutral vocabulary.
The general aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. It is unrestricted in its use and can be employed in written and spoken varieties, in all spheres of human activity, in all styles of language. Neutral words carry some information which may be called basic and which conveys the main idea of an object, process, action, etc. Literary and colloquial words besides basic information are encumbered by additional characteristics about the quality, manner of speech of the speaker, his social, educational, cultural status and emotional state, etc. So neutral words are said to have no special stylistic colouring, whereas
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literary and colloquial words have a definite stylistic colouring. Literary words, both general and special, contribute to the message the tone of seriousness, sophistication, sobmnity, elevation; they are learned, bookish and high-flown. Colloquial words contribute to the message the tone of informality; they are nonofficial, conversational.
According to the generally accepted stylistic classification of the English . vocabulary the literary layer consists of the following groups of words: 1) common literary; 2) special literary: terms and learned words; poetic words; archaic words; barbarisms and foreign words; literary coinages including nonce-words; the colloquial layer consists of the following groups: 1) common colloquial; 2) special colloquial: slang; jargonisms; professional words; dialectal words; vulgar words; colloquial coinages.
The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term Standard English vocabulary.
The maim variants and dialects of the English language