- •1. The subject of lexicological investigation
- •2. Types of vocabulary units
- •3. The position of lexicology in the language hierarchy. Links with other linguistic sciences
- •2.The theory of a word (mid 50s, professor Smirnitsky)
- •3.The morphemic structure of a word.
- •2.The notion of a word-building pattern (wbp) as a two-facet linguistic unit
- •3.Productivity (pr) of word-building patterns
- •4.The basic types of word-building in present day English
- •1. Language meaning: lexical (lm) and grammatical meaning (gm)
- •2. The definition of lm according to the referential approach
- •4. Development of new meanings Causes:
- •1. The nature of polysemy
- •2. A lexico-semantic variant (lsv), its notion
- •1. The definition of synonyms
- •4. The dominant synonym.
- •2. Causes of phraseological units.
- •1. General Characteristics of „the English Language in Different Parts of the English-Speaking World
- •2. Lexical Differences of Territorial Variants
- •3. Local Dialects in the British Isles
- •4. Local Dialects in the usa
- •1) Comment on the terms:
- •2.Explain the basis for the following jokes:
- •3. Specify lexical and grammatical meaning of the following words:
- •4.1Dentify the denotative and connotative elements of the meanings in the following pairs of words:
- •5.Define the type of transference which has taken place:
- •2.Write out from a dictionary all the meanings of the following words. Comment on the semantic structure of the words:
- •3.Single out the denotative and connotative components of meaning of the synonyms in the following examples:
- •4.Using the semantic criterion prove that the rows of words are synonyms:
- •5.Find the dominant synonym in the following groups of synonyms:
- •7.Find antonyms for the words given below:
- •8.Change the sentences so that they express the contrary meaning by using antonyms. State whether they are absolute or derivational:
- •9.Find antonyms in the proverbs. Translate them into Russian:
- •6. Give Russian equivalents of the phraseological units. Memorize them and use them in speech:.
- •7.Give the English equivalents for the following Russian proverbs:
- •8.Complete the following sentences, using the phraseological units given in the list below. Translate them into Russian.
- •12.Complete the paired phraseological units in the sentences below. Choose from the following:
- •7.The italicized words and word-groups in the following extracts belong to informal style. Describe the stylistic peculiarities of each extract in general. Look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary:
- •8.Compose the following brief situations. Your language and style should suit both the subject and the situation:
- •2.Find:
- •3.Јxplain the differences in the meanings of the following words in American and British English:
- •4.1Dentify the etymology of the following words:
- •5.Say which of the two words is American and which is British. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •6.Translate into English giving two variants - British and American:
- •7. Translate the following sentences:
4. Development of new meanings Causes:
1) Historical/ extra-linguistic - changes in a nation's social life, culture, knowledge, technology, arts. New objects, concepts, phenomena must be named.
2) Linguistic - influence of other words, mostly synonyms
Semantic Process (transference):
1) Transference based on resemblance (similarity) - metaphor. A new meaning is a result of associating 2 objects due to their outward similarity.
2) Transference based on contiguity - metonymy. It is based on psychological links b/w different objects and phenomena: common situations, a part and a whole, cause and effect, common function, material and object made of it.
Results
Broadening (generalization) -narrowing (specialization)
Degeneration (degradation) -elevation of a referent.
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Polysemy as a Means of Secondary Nomination
1. The nature of polysemy
Both language and vocabulary reflect reality in the way peculiar to human language alone. The main task of the latter is to draw the notional picture of the world in lexical meanings. Within language there have developed the phenomena which reveal the intrinsic characteristics of language units and disclose the basic principles of their structure. Among such 1-ge categories we find polysemy (P), i.e. the ability of a word to have several related meanings at a time.
In terms of the theory of signs it means that 1 and the same plane of expression corresponds to a number of planes of content.
A peculiar relationship b/w separate meanings within word structures specifies P as a purely 1-ge category, another means of secondary nomination.
2. A lexico-semantic variant (lsv), its notion
Members of a word structure related in their meanings are called LSVs (Pr. Smirnitsky's term): signs which are identical
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in all features but their lexical meanings. The extent of their semantic difference is confined to variation only, the idea of variation suggests the presence of a certain common component of meaning (invariant part) in all LSVs of a word.
Linguistic analysis shows that the invariant part of meanings may be presented as:
1. The whole content of the basic direct LSV;
2. part of the basic meaning in either the centre of the other or on their periphery;
a certain common part of meaning contained by all LSVs of the same polysemantic word;
The common semantic part may be latent or implied.
3. Types of relations b/w LSVs
The interconnection b/w the members of the polysemantic structure falls into 3 types: 1. Subordination reveals the hierarchical arrangement of a number of units which are dependent due to the semantic component on the basic direct nominative LSV as derived and figurative. It expresses itself in 2 types:
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- Irradiation when all the units depend on the basic one, Concatenation which means the chain coexistence of meanings, the dependence of each on the preceeding one.
Coordination means the semantic equalityof the units, their relative autonomy and independence of each other.
Mixed type which is characterized by the presence of both S and С
Among the notional classes P is most typical of the verb. The adjective ranks the second, the noun is least of all polysemantic. 4. Types of LSVs
the way of naming - direct/ figurative
the dependence of one on the other - basic/ derived
3. etymologically - primary/ secondary, modern/ archaic
4. abstract/ concrete 5.logical/ emotional 6.general/particular 7.frequent/ rare
8.neutral/ stylistically marked 9.common/ dialectal
Types of Modern English Homonymy 1. The definition of homonyms-Homonyms (homos '4he same" and onoma "name") are words which are identical in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning.
As for their stylistic function they are accidental creations, and therefore purposeless. In the process of communication they lead sometimes to confusion and misunderstanding and are one of the most important sources of popular humour. From the point of view of their morphological structure they are mostly one-morpheme words.
2. The origin of homonyms: phonetic changes, borrowings, word-building (conversion, shortening, sound-imitation), split polysemy.
3. Classification of homonyms The most widely accepted
classification is that recognizing homonyms proper, homophones and homographs.
According to their part of speech belonging Professor A. I. Smirnitsky classified homonyms into two large classes: I. full homonyms, II. partial homonyms (simple
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lexico-grammatical partial homonyms, complex lexico-grammatical partial
homonyms, partial lexical homonyms).
Problems of English Synonyms and Antonyms