- •1. The subject of lexicological investigation
- •2. Types of vocabulary units
- •3. The position of lexicology in the language hierarchy. Links with other linguistic sciences
- •2.The theory of a word (mid 50s, professor Smirnitsky)
- •3.The morphemic structure of a word.
- •2.The notion of a word-building pattern (wbp) as a two-facet linguistic unit
- •3.Productivity (pr) of word-building patterns
- •4.The basic types of word-building in present day English
- •1. Language meaning: lexical (lm) and grammatical meaning (gm)
- •2. The definition of lm according to the referential approach
- •4. Development of new meanings Causes:
- •1. The nature of polysemy
- •2. A lexico-semantic variant (lsv), its notion
- •1. The definition of synonyms
- •4. The dominant synonym.
- •2. Causes of phraseological units.
- •1. General Characteristics of „the English Language in Different Parts of the English-Speaking World
- •2. Lexical Differences of Territorial Variants
- •3. Local Dialects in the British Isles
- •4. Local Dialects in the usa
- •1) Comment on the terms:
- •2.Explain the basis for the following jokes:
- •3. Specify lexical and grammatical meaning of the following words:
- •4.1Dentify the denotative and connotative elements of the meanings in the following pairs of words:
- •5.Define the type of transference which has taken place:
- •2.Write out from a dictionary all the meanings of the following words. Comment on the semantic structure of the words:
- •3.Single out the denotative and connotative components of meaning of the synonyms in the following examples:
- •4.Using the semantic criterion prove that the rows of words are synonyms:
- •5.Find the dominant synonym in the following groups of synonyms:
- •7.Find antonyms for the words given below:
- •8.Change the sentences so that they express the contrary meaning by using antonyms. State whether they are absolute or derivational:
- •9.Find antonyms in the proverbs. Translate them into Russian:
- •6. Give Russian equivalents of the phraseological units. Memorize them and use them in speech:.
- •7.Give the English equivalents for the following Russian proverbs:
- •8.Complete the following sentences, using the phraseological units given in the list below. Translate them into Russian.
- •12.Complete the paired phraseological units in the sentences below. Choose from the following:
- •7.The italicized words and word-groups in the following extracts belong to informal style. Describe the stylistic peculiarities of each extract in general. Look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary:
- •8.Compose the following brief situations. Your language and style should suit both the subject and the situation:
- •2.Find:
- •3.Јxplain the differences in the meanings of the following words in American and British English:
- •4.1Dentify the etymology of the following words:
- •5.Say which of the two words is American and which is British. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •6.Translate into English giving two variants - British and American:
- •7. Translate the following sentences:
1. Language meaning: lexical (lm) and grammatical meaning (gm)
The main two types of language meaning: grammatical (refers our mind to relations between words and structures /constructions bearing upon their structural functions in the language-as-a system/.) and lexical (refers our mind to some concrete object, phenomenon (real or imaginary) of objective reality, to some concept). Both the lexical and grammatical meaning comprise the word meaning.
2. The definition of lm according to the referential approach
LM and its numerous aspects are studied by semaciology both synchronically and diachronically. In present-day linguistics there exist 2 approaches to the problem:
the referential approach which formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence b/w LM, reality and thinking,
the functional approach which studies the functions of a word in speech.
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All major works on semantic theory are based on referential concepts of meaning. This approach distinguishes b/w the 3 components closely connected with meaning: the sound- form, the concept and the referent (that aspect of reality to which this linguistic sign refers). This referential model of meaning is represented as the so- called "basic triangle". 3. Componental structure of LM
LM is a systematic whole made up of several structurally ordered elements. As man doesn't register the reality like an impersonal apparatus, but reveals his attitude to reality, LM is a combination of 2 components: denotative which reproduces reality by correlating with a concept, connotative expressing the speaker'a attitude to the object named.
a) a denotative component (DC)
The DC of LM is made up by semes of different types and several levels of abstraction:
archiseme (a grammatical marker) conveys a part of speech meaning,
classseme - a semantic marker, differential seme - a particular distinguisher,
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- potential seme - reflects subsidiary and probable features of an object. We should also distinguish b/w basic and derived features of an object. Both may be constant or probable, reflecting such properties as form, function, purpose, etc. All these types of objective properties correlate with basic and derived potential semes.
Semes may also be: categorical (found in large groups of words) and individual (peculiar to single words).
b) a connotative component (CC) It is often termed a stylistic reference of a word, a social or a pragmatic meaning and may contain 1) emotiveness, expressiveness, evaluation or may 2) point to the social sphere of human activity, that comprises the stylistic colouring of a word.
Not all words have connotative power; articles, conjunctions, prepositions, many common adverbs lack connotative qualities because they are words used to connect ideas and to show relationship between them, or to modify their meanings; these parts of speech do not themselves stand for ideas.
According to modern approach to LM the CC includes connotations of different
types: degree or intensity, duration, emotive, evaluative, causative, manner, attendant circumstances/ features, stylistic.