- •1. The subject of lexicological investigation
- •2. Types of vocabulary units
- •3. The position of lexicology in the language hierarchy. Links with other linguistic sciences
- •2.The theory of a word (mid 50s, professor Smirnitsky)
- •3.The morphemic structure of a word.
- •2.The notion of a word-building pattern (wbp) as a two-facet linguistic unit
- •3.Productivity (pr) of word-building patterns
- •4.The basic types of word-building in present day English
- •1. Language meaning: lexical (lm) and grammatical meaning (gm)
- •2. The definition of lm according to the referential approach
- •4. Development of new meanings Causes:
- •1. The nature of polysemy
- •2. A lexico-semantic variant (lsv), its notion
- •1. The definition of synonyms
- •4. The dominant synonym.
- •2. Causes of phraseological units.
- •1. General Characteristics of „the English Language in Different Parts of the English-Speaking World
- •2. Lexical Differences of Territorial Variants
- •3. Local Dialects in the British Isles
- •4. Local Dialects in the usa
- •1) Comment on the terms:
- •2.Explain the basis for the following jokes:
- •3. Specify lexical and grammatical meaning of the following words:
- •4.1Dentify the denotative and connotative elements of the meanings in the following pairs of words:
- •5.Define the type of transference which has taken place:
- •2.Write out from a dictionary all the meanings of the following words. Comment on the semantic structure of the words:
- •3.Single out the denotative and connotative components of meaning of the synonyms in the following examples:
- •4.Using the semantic criterion prove that the rows of words are synonyms:
- •5.Find the dominant synonym in the following groups of synonyms:
- •7.Find antonyms for the words given below:
- •8.Change the sentences so that they express the contrary meaning by using antonyms. State whether they are absolute or derivational:
- •9.Find antonyms in the proverbs. Translate them into Russian:
- •6. Give Russian equivalents of the phraseological units. Memorize them and use them in speech:.
- •7.Give the English equivalents for the following Russian proverbs:
- •8.Complete the following sentences, using the phraseological units given in the list below. Translate them into Russian.
- •12.Complete the paired phraseological units in the sentences below. Choose from the following:
- •7.The italicized words and word-groups in the following extracts belong to informal style. Describe the stylistic peculiarities of each extract in general. Look up unfamiliar words in the dictionary:
- •8.Compose the following brief situations. Your language and style should suit both the subject and the situation:
- •2.Find:
- •3.Јxplain the differences in the meanings of the following words in American and British English:
- •4.1Dentify the etymology of the following words:
- •5.Say which of the two words is American and which is British. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •6.Translate into English giving two variants - British and American:
- •7. Translate the following sentences:
2.The notion of a word-building pattern (wbp) as a two-facet linguistic unit
A WBP is a linguistic model which appeared as a reflection of the reacted use of ready units and which exists objectively in men's minds. This model serves as the basis for creating new vocabulary items on analogy of those already used by speakers. It includes a
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derivational base (DB) and a derivational affix (DA).
Structurally in a secondary word the root morpheme is called a DB to which an affix is attached. Their semantic roles in the semantic structure of secondary words are just the opposite: it is an affix that is the base as it indicates the generalized name of the class of objects in which the one under nomination is included. A structural DB only names a property by which the object is identified. A DA has double semantics because basically an affix combines 2 types of meaning: its own categorical meaning and a part of speech meaning.
WBPs are two-facet linguistic units with the abstracted expression of both planes. As linguistic schemes they contain a semantic component found in and common to all individual words for which the patterns hold true.
3.Productivity (pr) of word-building patterns
The wb power of derivational units (affixes and patterns) to create new words for nominating new phenomena of reality is termed productivity (productive, non-
productive and dead affixes). We have two main sources to judge about PR of derivational units: dictionaries and examination of modern texts which are rich in nonce-words. Pr is supported by a powerful linguistic factor: motivation which has different degrees: complete, partial and lack of motivation or idiomaticity. Motivation makes patterns productive and helps produce occasional words.
4.The basic types of word-building in present day English
a) major types Affixation (suffixation, prefixation)
Origin of affixes: originally independent words; a result of secretion; have always been known as derivational affixes; adopted from foreign languages; of international currency; hybrid words.
Classification of affixes: native/ borrowed, productive/ non-productive/ dead, semantically, positive/ negative, stylistically neutral/ coloured.
Conversion
Theories: morphemic, morphological, syntactica, functional.
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The two affected parts of speech are nouns and verbs. Verbs can also be made from adjectives.
Origin of conversion: it arose as a result of certain global and fundamental changes within the entire system of English; it is a reflection of the fundamental transformation of English from a synthetical type to analytical.
Composition
Structural aspect: neutral compounds (simple neutral, derived or derivational, contracted), morphological compounds, syntactic compounds.
Semantic aspect: can the meaning of a compound word be regarded as the sum of its constituent meanings?
Theoretical aspect of composition is the criteria for distinguishing between a compound and a word-combination. Criteria: graphic (spelling), semantic, phonetic, morphological, syntactic.
Sources of Compounds: are built spontaneously according to productive distributional formulas of the given period; may be the result of a gradual process of
semantic isolation and structural fusion of free word-groups; borrowings.
b) minor types Shortening (Contraction) consists in substituting a whole for a part. We may speak of graphical abbreviations (in written speech only) and lexical shortenings (a new word is made from a syllable (rarer, two) of the original word; a new word is made from the initial letters of a word group).
Sound-Imitation (Onomatopoeia)
Words are made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced by animals, birds, insects, human beings and inanimate objects.
Reduplication is doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes or with a variation of the root-vowel or consonant
Back-Formation (Reversion) Instead of a noun made from a verb by affixation, a verb is produced from a noun by subtraction.
Blending (portmanteau words) is merging parts of words into one word.
Sound- and Stress-Interchange.
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Lexical Meaning as a Linguistic Category