МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

Національний авіаційний університет

АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА

Медицина й діагностика.

ЕКГ системи, дефібрилятори, монітори

Методична розробка для студентів

II курсу факультету електроніки

спеціальності 7.091002

“Біотехнічні та медичні апарати і системи”

Київ 2003

УДК 111: 61 (076.5)

ББК Ш 143.21 – 913

А 647

Укладачі:Н.І.Березнікова, Т.Г.Василенко, Л.Г.Ковальчук

Рецензент О.Г. Шостак

Затверджено на засіданні секції філологічних дисциплін редради НАУ 27 травня 2003 року.

Англійська мова. Медицина й діагностика. ЕКГ сис-,

A647 теми, дефібрилятори, монітори : Методична розробка/ Уклад.: Н.І. Березнікова, Т.Г. Василенко, Л.Г. Ковальчук.–К.: НАУ, 2003.- 76 с.

Методична розробка вміщує тексти з тем: „Медицина й діагностика”, „ЕКГ системи”, „Дефібрилятори”, „Монітори”, завдання для закріплення лексичного та граматичного матеріалу, а також тексти для додаткового читання.

Призначена для студентів II курсу факультету електроніки спеціальності 7.091002 “Біотехнічні та медичні апарати і системи”.

ЗАГАЛЬНІ МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ

Методична розробка складена згідно з програмою з англійської мови і призначена для індивідуальної роботи студентів під контролем викладача. Мета методичної розробки - допомогти студентам закріпити й активізувати вміння та навички, набуті на практичних заняттях.

Методична розробка розрахована на аудиторні заняття, але може бути використана для самостійної роботи. Тексти, які запозичені зі спеціальної літератури за фахом, сприяють розвиненню навичок читання спеціальних текстів та поняття оригінальної науково-технічної літератури в межах вивченої тематики, оволодіння технікою перекладу і діалогу.

Методична розробка складається із двох частин. Перша частина - це тексти, що вивчаться за темами „Медицина й діагностика”, „ЕКГ системи”, „Дефібрилятори”, „Монітори” і вправи до них, які спрямовані на розвинення творчості студентів.

Кожний текст першої частини вміщує необхідний лексичний мінімум для засвоєння теми, тексти, завдання, які сприяють закріпленню та активізації лексичного й граматичного матеріалу, навичок перекладу. Навчальний матеріал розміщено з урахуванням наростання труднощів, забезпечення достатньої частотності вживання активної професійної термінології. Вправи допомагають перевіряти знання форм дієслова, категорій часу, стану, форми дієприкметників.

У другій частині пропонуються тексти для додаткового читання за фахом. Підбір текстів забезпечує достатню частотність використання основної лексики, дає можливість відпрацювати й засвоїти основний граматичний матеріал.

UNIT 1

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Diagnosis

X rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German professor of physics, in his laboratory in the University of Wurzburg on Nov. 8, 1895. Early on, in radiodiagnosis, use was made of three of the properties of X rays-their ability to penetrate the tissues, their photographic effect, and their ability to cause certain substances to fluoresce. In penetrating the tissues, the radiation is absorbed differentially, depending on the densities of the tissues being penetrated. The radiation emerging from tissues thus produces on a photographic film or a fluorescent screen an image of the structures of differing densities within the body. The limiting factor in this method of diagnosis is the similarity between the densities of adjacent soft tissues within the body, with a resultant failure to produce a notable contrast between the images of adjacent structures or organs.

During the first two decades following their discovery, X rays were used largely for the diagnosis and control of treatment of fractures and for the localization of foreign bodies, such as bullets, during World War I. The physicians using these methods introduced artificial contrast agents, such as a paste consisting of barium sulfate which is inert and nontoxic when taken by mouth. When a contrast agent is taken by mouth or introduced by enema, the various parts of the alimentary tract can be demonstrated and examined. Refinements of this technique continue to the present day, and radiological examination of the alimentary tract is an elegant and precise aid to diagnosis. Eventually a number of other contrast media were produced that could be injected into blood vessels. The media could thus be used either to demonstrate those vessels (whether arteries or veins) or, after their selective concentration and excretion by the kidneys, to show the urinary tract.

Within the first few months after Roentgen’s discovery, attempts were made to produce films of moving objects; thus, it was soon realized that radiology might be able to depict function and so demonstrate dynamic physiological functions rather than just static anatomy. Technical difficulties and the hazards of a high dose of radiation to the patient prevented the proper development of this technique.

In the 1950s an electronic method was devised to intensify the image, the so-called image intensifier which made possible .the overcoming of the technical difficulties, and cineradiography became routine. During the whole period of the development of radiology, photographic techniques were also continually being improved. Single-coated photographic plates were used at first, and then double-coated photographic films: photographic emulsions have now been developed to such a point that high speed can be provided with good definition and little intrusion of photographic grain into the image. Similarly, processing methods have been improved; automatic processors now can deliver a fully processed dry film in 90 seconds.

A new form of X-ray imaging, computerized axial tomography (CAT scanning), was devised by Godfrey Hounsfield of Great Britain and Allan Cormack of the United States during the 1970s. This method measures the attenuation of X rays entering the body from many different angles. From these measurements a computer reconstructs the organ under study in a series of cross sections or planes. The technique allows soft tissues such as the liver and kidney to be clearly differentiated in the images reconstructed by the computer. This procedure adds enormously to the diagnostic information that can be provided by conventional X rays. CAT scanners are now in use in many large hospitals and medical centres throughout the world.

A still more recently developed technique is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scanning (also called magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI), in which radio waves are beamed into an individual who is subjected to a powerful magnetic field. Different atoms in the body absorb radio waves at different frequencies under the influence of the magnetic field. The way in which absorption takes place is measured and used by a computer to construct images of internal structures. Another recent technique is positron emission tomography, or PET scanning, which involves the emission of particles of antimatter by compounds injected into the body being scanned. These particles, positrons, are neutralized by their opposites, electrons, and energy is released in the form of radiation as matter and antimatter annihilate each other. Detectors arranged around the body pick up the energy released and use it to follow the movements of the injected compound and its metabolism.

These relatively new radiological techniques provide much safer means of examining internal body structures. They also yield precise and clear images for the physician and diminish the margin of error in therapeutic measures.

Exercise 2. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

Density, to penetrate the tissues, to be absorbed differentially, planes, antimatter, cineradiography, radio waves, to construct images, localization of foreign body, to depict function, recently developed technique, to demonstrate the vessels, excretion by the kidneys, to be taken by mouth, images reconstructed by the computer, to depend on densities, densities of adjacent soft tissues, overcoming technical difficulties, to inject into blood vessels, therapeutic measures, to yield precise images, processing methods, axial tomography, to diminish the margin of error, positrons, barium sulfate, moving objects, contrast media, intrusion, within the body, image intensifier, to become routine, absorption, attenuation, to annihilate each other, photographic grain, to release in the form of radiation, double-coated photographic film.

Exercise 3. Give English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

Властивості, спричиняти, залежати від, ущільніть, м’які тканини, вдосконалення, запобігати, вторгнення, мікрокристали, проникати, поглинати, штучний контрастний агент, винаходити, засоби, емульсія, частки, кров’яні судини, зображати, звільняти, різні кути, подібність.

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1. Who discovered X rays?

2. Where and when X rays were discovered by Wilhelm Cohdrad Roentgen?

3. Which three properties of X rays do you know?

4. What does the absorption of radiation depend on?

5. How is the radiation absorbed in penetrating the tissues?

6. What is the limiting factor in this method?

7. What were X rays used for largely during the first two decades?

8. What artificial contrast agents did the physicians introduce?

9. What kind of diagnosis is radiological examination of the alimentary tract?

10. Is radiology able to demonstrate dynamic physiological functions?

11. Why did the cineradiography become routine?

12. What was devised by Godfrey Hounsfield of Great Britain and Alan Cormack of the United during the 1970s.?

13. What advantages do CAT scanners have?

14. How does a nuclear magnetic resonance scanning operate?

15. What does PET scanning involve?

16. What do these new radiological techniques provide for physicians?

Exercise 5. Translate the clusters “adjective + noun” and form plural.

Contrast agent, photographic effect, soft tissue, fluorescent screen, notable contrast, dynamic function, static anatomy, elegant aid, electronic method, physiological function, alimentary tract, proper development, automatic processor, selective concentration, adjacent tissue, different atom, photographic plate, high dose, artificial contrast agent, urinary tract, different frequency, large hospital, nuclear resonance, medical centre, internal structure, magnetic field, good definition, radiological technique, clear image, photographic grain, therapeutic measure, powerful field, precise aid, high speed, contrast medium, different angle, little intrusion, various part, artificial agent, photographic emulsion.

Exercise 6. Form nouns from the following verbs:

To emit, to radiate, to beam, to provide, to demonstrate, to examine, to develop, to prevent, to realize, to refine, to attenuate, to discovery, to produce, to concentrate, to inject, to localize, to absorb, to penetrate, to use, to measure, arrange, to intrude, to depict, to annihilate.

Exercise 7. State parts of speech:

Refinements, technical, hazards, reconstructs, continually, media, proper, automatic, processing, difficulties, emulsions, development, agents, electronic, differentially, consisting, various, selective, allows, demonstrate, concentration, tissues, produces, definition, methods, use.

Exercise 8. Define forms of the following Participle I and Participle II. Make your own sentences using these forms.

Moving, emerging, absorbed, prevented, processing, processed, being, developed, examining, arranged, improved, have been developed, using, beamed, devised, injected, subjected.

Exercise 9. Define tense of the following forms in the Passive:

Was devised, be provided, were being improved, were made, have been improved, are beamed, be injected, is measured, were discovered, is taken, are being penetrated, was realized, is absorbed, are neutralized.

Exercise 10. Match the following word combinations from the text, make your own sentences with them.

to depict	into blood vessels
to demonstrate	differentially
to inject	fluorescence
to introduce	the tissues
to produce	with good definitions
to cause	Function
to absorb	the images
to penetrate	Dynamic physiological functions
to provide	in the form of
to reconstruct	Artificial contrast agents
to release	a notable contrast
to arrange	the margin of error
to beam	the urinary tract
to yield	around the body
to diminish	a fully processed dry film
to demonstrate	clear images
to show	into individual
to deliver	the vessels

Exercise 11. Fill the gaps with a proper form of verb in Passive.

1. In the 1950s an electronic method ______________ to intensify the image. (to devise)

2. X rays ________ largely for the diagnosis and control of treatment of fractures and for the localization of foreign bodies, such as bullets, during World War I. (to use)

3. Energy __________ in the form of radiation. (to release)

4. When a contrast agent _____________ by mouth or introduced by enema, the various parts of the alimentary tract can be demonstrated and examined. (to take)

5. PET scans of the brain ______________ to evaluate patients who have memory disorders of an undetermined cause. (to use)

6. A computerized axial tomography scan ______________ by obtaining axial x-rays images using computerized reconstruction. (to perform)

7. The positrons ________________ by their opposites. (to neutralize)

8. Computerized axial tomography (CAT scanning) ________________ by Godfrey Hounsfield of Great Britain and Allan Cormack of the United States during the 1970s. (to devise)

9. These particles _______________ from a radioactive substance given to the patient. (to emit)

10. X rays _________________ by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German professor of physics, in his laboratory in the University of Wurzburg on Nov. 8, 1895. (to discover)

11. The images ______________on the monitor of a nearby computer. (to display)

12. A radioactive substance _______________ in a machine called a cyclotron. (to produce)

Exercise 12. Put all possible special questions to the following sentences:

1. The CAT Scan machine was invented by Hounsfield

2. The CAT Scan is basically an x-ray tube that rotates in a circle around the patient making many pictures as it rotates.

3. The multiple x-ray pictures are reconstructed by a computer in axial slice images sort of like the way a loaf of bread is sliced.

4. Each slice of bread can be examined separately.

5. The CAT Scan machine looks like a large DONUT standing up (called the gantry) on its side with a table going though the center of it.

6. The patient lies on the table as the table is moved slowly into the Scanner gantry (Donut).

7. The Gantry houses the rotating x-ray tube and x-ray receptors.

8. The original scanners in 1978 took 2 minutes per slice and had very rough images.

9. The new scanners today can do a series of 30 images in a few seconds and have much sharper images.

10. For Abdominal CAT Scans, the patient is given a cup of dilute barium or Gastrograffin the night before and also 1 hour before the Scan to delineate the small and large bowel.

11. The Scan may be done twice: before and after intravenous iodinated contrast.

12. The iodinated contrast enhanced the vascular structures and improved interpretation of the CAT Scan images.

13. The iodinated contrast is usually injected with a motor driven power injector.

14. The extravasations from the vein cause irritation in the skin.

15. There is also a risk of allergy to the iodinated contrast material resulting in hives, itching, wheezing, and shock.

16. The pretreatment with Benadryl and Predisone usually eliminates reaction in allergic patients.

Exercise 13. Open brackets and use the correct tense and Voice.

1. Computerized axial tomography (CAT scanning) __________ cross-sectional images with the use of x-rays. ( to create)

2. As beams of x-ray photons ________ through a transaxial plane of the body from different angles. (to pass)

3. Exiting photons _____________ by detectors and channeled into a computer. (to record)

4. The computer ____________ cross-sectional views of the body at different planes. (to produce)

5. CAT scanning of the head _____________ to study the anatomic structures of the skull and brain. (to perform)

6. Radiological techniques ____________ much safer means of examining internal body structures. (to provide)

7. These particles are neutralized by their opposites. (to neutralize)

8. Automatic processors now __________a fully processed dry film in 90 seconds. (to deliver)

9. Different atoms in the body ______________ radio waves at different frequencies under the influence of the magnetic field. (to absorb)

10. A computer _______________ the organ under study in a series of cross sections or planes. (to reconstruct)

11. A positive electron __________ about one to two millimeters before colliding with an electron. (to travel)

Exercise 14. Read the text, entitle it, translate the text in a written form, put ten special questions.

A computerized axial tomography scan is performed by obtaining axial x-rays images using computerized reconstruction. Patients are usually given an oral contrast liquid by mouth to aid in imaging the alimentary tract. A CAT scan is helpful in delineating solid renal, retroperitoneal or pelvic masses in children. It can detect lymphatic, liver and lung metastases. CAT scans can be enhanced by using intravenous iodinated contrast material. This allows one to detect perfusion and concentration of the contrast by the kidney.

A CAT scan is an invasive test. It requires placement of an intravenous line. It also exposes a child to a significant amount of radiation. It is rarely the first exam to obtain. The majority of abdominal masses in children are from the urinary tract and most of these are cystic (hydronephrosis).

An ultrasound is, therefore, a better initial exam in a child with an abdominal mass. Although significant renal function is required to concentrate and excrete the contrast material, CAT scans are relatively sensitive in detecting and comparing renal function between two kidneys. Many young children require sedation to undergo a CAT scan.

Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Рентгенівські промені були відкриті німецьким вченим-фізиком Вільгельмом Рентгеном в 1985 році.

2. Вчені і в наш час продовжують вдосконалювати цей метод дослідження.

3. В 1970 році Годфрей Хаунсфілд винайшов нову форму рентгенівської діагностики – комп’ютеризовану томографі.

4. Під час першої світової війни рентгенівські промени широко використовувались для знаходження сторонніх тіл.

5. Недоліком цього методу діагностування була схожість щільностей прилеглих тканин, що призводила до помилок в діагнозі.

6. Для запобігання вторгнення мікрокристалів на зображення органу, постійно розробляються нові фотографічні емульсії.

7. Комп’ютер робить вимірювання поглинання радіохвиль і відтворює точне зображення внутрішніх органів організму людини.

8. Цей метод діагностики дозволяє чітко конструювати зображення за допомогою комп’ютера.

Exercise 16. Consult about the meanings of medicine terms:

Urography, bloodstream, body cavities, lymphatic vessels, urinary tract, spinal cord, myelography, digestive tract, gallbladder, biliary channels, cholecystography, brain scanning, angiocardiography,

Exercise 17. Read and translate the text in a written form.