Употребление времён страдательного залога

Времена страдательного залога употребляются согласно тем же правилам, что и соответствующие им формы действительного залога.

Так, времена группы Indefinite в страдательном залоге выражают единоразовое, повторяющееся или постоянное действие в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени:

This museum is visited every day. Этот музей посещают каждый день.

The ball was found in the yard. Мяч нашли во дворе.

The text will be translated into Ukrainian. Текст будет переведён на украинский язык.

Времена группы Continuous в страдательном залоге выражают длительное действие, которое происходит в определённый момент времени в настоящем или прошедшем времени:

A multistoreyed house is being built near our school.

Возле нашого института строится многоэтажное здание.

Времена группы Perfect в страдательном залоге выражают действие, которое предшествует другому действию в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени. Кроме этого, перфектные времена употребляются для подчёркивания результата действия, которое уже произошло:

The windows have still not been repaired.

Окна ещё не отремонтированы.

The book has been translated into Ukrainian.

Книга была переведена на украинский язык.

Употребление страдательных оборотов

1.Как и в русском языке, страдательный оборот употребляется, когда в центре внимания говорящего находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию, а не лицо или предмет, который совершает действие. В страдательном обороте название лица или предмета, который подвергается действию, является подлежащим и стоит на первом месте:

The sun attracts the planets. Солнце притягивает планеты.

The planets are attracted by the sun. Планеты притягиваются солнцем. (В центре внимания говорящего находятся планеты, а не солнце, т.е. планеты являются темой разговора.)

2.Страдательные обороты употребляются в тех случаях, когда лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно или когда считают ненужным его упомянуть. Мысль, выраженная таким страдательным оборотом, естественно, не может быть выражена действительным оборотом ввиду отсутствия лица, совершающего действие, которое могло бы служить подлежащим действительго оборота:

Business letters are usually written on special forms.

Деловые письма обычно пишутся на специальных бланках.

The matter will be discussed at the next meeting.

Вопрос будет обсуждён на следующем собрании.

Модальные глаголы. Употребление и перевод.

Глаголы can (could), may (might), must, ought, need относятся к группе модальных глаголов. Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола. Они обозначают возможность, способность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. Модальные глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола употребляются в предложении в роли составного глагольного сказуемого:

He can do it himself. Он может это сделать сам.

1. Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными глаголами, так как они не имеют всех форм, которые имеют другие глаголы. Глаголы can и may имеют форму настоящего и прошедшего времени: can – could, may – might. Глаголы must, ought need имеют только форму настоящего времени.

2. Инфинитив, следующий за этими глаголами, употребляется без частицы to. Исключение составляет глагол ought.

3. В 3-м лице ед.ч. наст. времени модальные глаголы не имеют окончания –s.

4. В вопросительном предложении модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: May I take it?

5. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после модального глагола: You may not take it

Употребление глагола can (could)

1. Для выражения возможности или способности совершить действие:

I can do it now. Я могу сделать это теперь.

2. Когда не допускается возможность, что действие в действительности совершилось:

He cannot have done it. Не может быть, чтобы он это сделал.

Употребление глагола may (might)

1. Для выражения разрешения:

You may go home now. Вы можете теперь пойти домой.

2. Для выражения предположения:

It may rain today. Сегодня, возможно, будет дождь.

3. В придаточных предложениях цели:

I shall give him my exercises so that he may correct them.

Я дам ему свои упражнения, чтобы он их проверил.

Употребление глагола must

1. Для выражения необходимости совершения действия в силу определённых обстоятельств, а также для выражения приказания или совета:

You must do it. Вы должны это сделать.

2. Для выражения предположения:

He must be at home now. Он, должно быть (вероятно), сейчас дома.

Употребление глагола ought

1. Для выражения морального долга или совета:

He ought to help his friend.

Он должен (ему следует, следовало бы) помочь своему другу.

Употребление глагола need

1. Для выражения необходимости совершить действие со значением нужно, надо:

You needn't come so early. Вам не нужно приходить так рано.

2. Как смысловой глагол со значением нуждаться:

You need a long rest. Вы нуждаетесь в длительном отдыхе.

TOPICS

GREAT BRITAIN

Great Britain has the official name – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (or UK – for short). It is situated on the British Isles. England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are the parts of Great Britain. Administratively the UK is divided into 55 counties. The total territory is over 244 thousand square kilometers (the 75^th place among other countries in the world).

The population of the UK is over 57 mln. Great Britain is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The majority of the British population lives in cities and towns.

The country is washed by the North and Irish Seas, the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel. North and West of the country are highlands, South and East – lowlands. The highest mountain of the UK is Ben Nevis in Scotland.

There are many rivers in the country. The longest and most important of them are the Severn, the Thames and the Clyde. The climate is mild due to the mountains, The Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial power. It possesses some mineral resources: coal, iron ores, oil, gas and some metals.

The country is known as one of the world largest producers and exporters of electronics and machinery, chemicals and textile, various aircraft and navigation equipment. Among the main industrial branches are also coal-mining, automobile, ship-building, metallurgical.

The capital of the country is London. It is the largest political, cultural and industrial centre of the country and one of the largest ports of the world. Its population is over 11 mln. people.

Among the largest cities of the UK are Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, Belfast and Cardiff.

Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The official language of the state is English. The national symbol of the UK is “Union Jack” – the British state flag having 3 white and red crosses on the dark blue field. The weave of crosses symbolize power and might.

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen. But her power is not absolute, it is limited by the Parliament. The British Parliament is the oldest parliament in the world. It consists of 2 chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The British Government is headed by the Prime Minister – the leader of the party having the majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.

There are several political parties in the UK. The largest and most influential of them are the Conservative (the Tory), the Liberal (the Whigs) and the Labour Party.

LONDON

London is the capital of Great Britain. It is an ancient city and the largest city in Europe. Over 8 million people live in London. It is the home of the nation’s commerce and finance, the main centre of its legal system and press. It has the largest university and the greatest possibilities for entertainment and for sport in Great Britain.

London consists of three parts: the rich West End, the poor East End and the City – its financial centre. The biggest department stores, offices and banks can be found there.

One of the best known museums is the British museum with its library, reading room and the collection of manuscripts both old and new. One of the greatest monuments is St. Paul’s Cathedral, which is the Sir Christopher Wren’s masterpiece.

London is full of parks and green spaces. Hyde Park is the largest park in London.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America is the 4^th largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. The country consists of 3 parts: the continental part is in the center of the North American continent, the Hawaii and Alaska. Its total area is over 9 mln. sq. km. The country borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-border with Russia.

The country is washed by 3 oceans: The Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. The country has many lakes, including the Great Lakes and many rivers, the longest of which are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia and others. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Appalachi, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak, Mount McKinley, is in Alaska.

The climate conditions are rather different. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals.

The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio-engineering and others.

Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations. The country population is over 250 mln. The official language of the state is English. The national symbol of the USA is the national flag “Stars and Stripes”, having 50 white stars and 13 white and red stripes on its field, symbolizing the number of the original and present day states.

Officially the country comprises 50 states and 1 district – Columbia. The states differ in size, population and economic development. Each state has its own capital. The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac river and is named after the 1^st US President – George Washington. There are many large cities in the country: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco, Boston and some others.

The United States of America is a federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

The legislative power belongs to the Congress consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states while the House of Representatives – population. The executive power belongs to the President and his Administration (Vice-President and Cabinet of Ministers). The judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and the system of federal courts.

There are several political parties in the USA. The largest of them are the Republican (symbolized by a donkey) and the Democratic (symbolized by an elephant).

Nowadays the USA is one of the leading powers of the world due to its economic, political and military influence.

WASHINGTON

The beautiful city of Washington, D.C. is the capital of the United States and the centre of its government. In white stone and marble buildings surrounded by green parks, thousands of people are working for the national government.

The city was founded in 1790 and named after the first US president. It was built according to a preliminary plan.

The city industry is not well developed because its main output are laws and government decisions. Washington is the residence of the President and the Congress of the United States, all government departments and other institutions.

Washington is a large scientific and cultural centre where there are many research institutes, five universities, the National Academy of Science and the Library of Congress. There are also two very important buildings here – the Capitol (the seat of Congress) and the White House (the President’s residence).

The third well-known building – Pentagon, the residence of the US Military department, is situated in the suburbs, to the south of the Potomac. It has the shape of five huge regular concentric pentagons. Because of its size it could not be built in the city.

THE LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD

The largest cities of the world are London, Washington, Kyiv, Moscow, St. Petersburg etc.

Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District Columbia. It has a population of 900000 people. The city's main output are laws and government decisions. Washington is the residence of the President and the Congress of the United States. It is a large scientific and cultural centre. There is a lot of universities, research institutes, the National Academy of Sciences and the Library of Congress. Among its well-known buildings is Pentagon, the residence of the Military department.

Moscow is the capital of Russia. Today Moscow is a huge city spread over a vast area of 878.7 square kilometers. People who come to Moscow admire its beautiful broad streets and avenues lined with trees, old and new districts, Moscow's museums, exhibitions and theatres. It is also a large scientific and industrial centre.

St. Petersburg lies on either side of the river Neva and on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. It was founded by Peter the Great on the marshlands along the Neva banks as a gateway to Europe and the sea. St. Petersburg is a wonderful city with magnificent architectural ensembles, granite embankment, unique historical and cultural monuments and bridges. The Hermitage has the richest collection of pictures in the world.

2-й СЕМЕСТР