Случаи употребления Future Continuous

• Указание на процесс, который будет происходить в определенный момент в будущем:

At 7 o’clock we’ll be having barbecue, you are welcome to join. В семь часов у нас будет барбекю, приглашаем зайти.

Група часових форм Perfect

Все времена группы Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в соответствующем времени и третьей формы смыслового глагола.

(to) speak – I have spoken – я уже поговорил

I had spoken – я уже поговорил

I will have spoken – я поговорю

Present Perfect употребляется:

1) для выражения действия, происходившего до настоящего момента и уже завершенного к этому моменту. Время, когда именно происходило действие, не упоминается. Важно только то, что это действие связано с настоящей ситуацией, которая является как бы продолжением этого действия, его результатом:

I have read this book by now. I can give it to you, if you like.

Я (уже) прочла эту книгу. Я могу дать ее тебе, если хочешь.

Связь действия с настоящей ситуацией иногда выражается указанием на период времени в настоящем, который еще не закончен: today, this week, this month и др.

2) для выражения действия или состояния, начавшегося в прошлом и продолжающегося в момент речи:

We have known each other since we were children.

Мы знаем друг друга с детства.

Предложения с Present Perfect часто содержат слова already (уже), never (никогда), ever (когда-либо), yet (ещё не), just (только что) и др.

Past Perfect употребляется:

1) для выражения действия, завершившегося да какого-либо момента или другого действия в прошлом:

Не had read the book by 10 o'clock yesterday.

Он прочел книгу до десяти часов (к десяти часам) вечера.

2) в предложениях, в которых одно действие завершилось до другого действия, длящегося в прошлом:

Не had read the book and was watching TV when I came.

Когда я пришел, он уже прочитал книгу и смотрел телевизор.

Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет происходить до определенного момента или другого действия в будущем и завертится или прекратится до него.

В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательном предложении после вспомогательного глагола ставится отрицание not.

I have asked. I had asked. I will have asked.

Have I asked? Had I asked? Will I have asked?

I have not asked. I had not asked. I will not have asked.

Topics

MY NATIVE CITY

I live in Melitopol. It is neither large nor small. Melitopol is located in the steppe zone and on the banks of Molochnaya River. The streets of the city are broad and straight. There are many parks and gardens in the city.

Our city was founded in the XVIIIth century. It was a commercial centre where wheat and other grain were sold. At the beginning of the XlXth century it was the settlement called Novoaleksandrovskaya Sloboda. There were 4 plants and 2 banks in our town. But later a private theatre and an art gallery has been built.

Now it is one of the most developed industrial centers of Zaporizhzhya region. A great variety of consumer goods are produced in Melitopol. Our city is famous for fruit, which are scientifically grown in the Melitopol Research Institute of Irrigative Gardening.

Melitopol is a cultural centre too. There are two Universities, two Institutes, departments of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhya Universities, some colleges, about 20 schools, several libraries, and clubs. For those who like arts there are two musical schools and an art school. Several sport clubs have been organized in our city. The inhabitants of our city have their own favourite place for rest - our city park.

Around the city there are many archeological monuments dating back to the Bronze Age, one of the most interesting of which is called the Stone Grave.

I like my city because it's nice and convenient to live in it.

UKRAINE

Ukraine is a self-contained, sovereign state. The Declaration of Ukrainian independence was proclaimed on August 24, 1991 by the Ukrainian Parliament.

Ukraine has its own territory, higher and local bodies of state power (the Supreme Council and local Councils), government, national emblem, state flag and anthem.

Ukraine is one of the largest European countries. Its total area is 603,700 square kilometers. Ukraine borders on the Russian Federation, Byelorussia, Moldova, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Our country is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and it has very important ports.

The territory of our country has an astonishing variety of landscapes. We have high mountains, vast steppes, endless forests, beautiful rivers and lakes. The largest lake of Ukraine is Swytyaz, its total area is 24.2 square kilometers and the depth is 58.5 meters. Ukraine has 131 rivers, among them are the Dnieper with its tributaries such as the Desna, the Prypyat, the Dniester, the Bug, the Donets. The Dnieper is the main river in Ukraine which divides the country into Right-bank and Left-bank territories.

The flora and fauna of our country are extremely rich. Almost all kinds of European animals and birds can be found on the territory of our vast land. Ukraine has inexhaustible natural wealth. It possesses enormous tracts of woodland, vast tracts of fertile arable lands and fine pastures.

Ukraine has an ancient history. The State of Kyiv Rus situated on the territory of the present Ukraine was set up in the 9th century. It was a powerful feudal state with highly developed culture and various crafts widely known throughout Europe.

Ukraine has its own original culture and art. Ukraine has many professional theatres and Philarmonic societies. The National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine, the Gryhory Veryovka Ukrainian People's Choir, the Dance Company of Ukraine are known not only in the country but all over the world.

KYIV

Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine and the seat of the Supreme Council and the Cabinet of Ministers.

Kyiv is one of the most ancient cities. In 1982 it was 1500 years old. It was called "the Mother of All Russian Cities". It has the population of above 2.5 million people. Its total area is 790 square kilometres.

Kyiv lies on both banks of the Dnieper, one of the longest rivers in Ukraine. Spreading over the picturesque hills of the Dnieper Kyiv is immersed in green parks and gardens. It is one of the greenest cities in the world, it has 18 square metres of greenery for a person.

Kyiv is an industrial, scientific and cultural centre of Ukraine. Kyiv is one of the oldest cities and has many places of interest. Among them is the Golden Gate, which is about a thousand years old. Once it was the main entrance to the city. At that time Kyiv was the capital of the feudal state of Kyiv Rus, a large and powerful state. On the Sophia's Square there is St. Sophia's Cathedral. In the square, in front of the cathedral, there is the monument to Bogdan Khmelnytsky.

There is the monastery ensemble, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, which was founded in the 11th century in Kyiv. Among the museums of Lavra is the museum of Ukrainian Folk Decorative Art, which comprises more than 50,000 exhibits. In the park of Immortal Glory there is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, over which an eternal fire burns.

Also in Kyiv you can see the monument to T. Shevchenko, the well-known poet and fighter for freedom. It stands in the park in front of the University. There are some other monuments in Kyiv - the monument to Lesya Ukrainka, the great Ukrainian poetess, the monument to N. Lysenko, the great Ukrainian composer and many others.

Kyivites are proud of their city.

THE LARGEST CITIES OF UKRAINE

The largest cities of Ukraine are Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Lviv, Odesa' etc.

Dnipropetrovsk has more than one million two hundred thousand people. It was founded in 1776. It is a political, economic, and industrial centre of the region. There are many factories in the city. Dnipropetrovsk is a city of students too. The Dnipropetrovsk State University is one of the largest in Ukraine. In Dnipropetrovsk there are theatres, museums, monuments, libraries, places of culture, a circus and parks. There are two airports, eight railway stations, some bus stations, and a large river port.

Lviv - a scenic city in the west of Ukraine was founded by Prince Daniel of Halych. Historically, it is first mentioned in 1256. For centuries it was repeatedly sacked by foreign aggressors, but it was rebuilt and its treasures restored by craftsmen, plowmen, architects, and men of arts and letters. The population of Lviv is 806 thousand people.

Kharkiv is Ukraine's leading power engineering, agricultural machinery, transport and instrument-making centre. Founded in the early 1650-s, it was the capital of Ukraine since 1919 till 1934. Its population is 1575 thousand people.

Odesa was founded in 1774. It is an administrative regional centre operating advanced machinebuilding, metalworking, chemical, petrochemical and other industries. It is also known as a large seaport.

THE CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE

Governed by the Act of Ukraine’s Independence of August 24, 1991, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on behalf of the Ukrainian people adopted the Constitution – the Fundamental Law on June 28, 1996.

The Constitution establishes the country’s political system, assures rights, freedoms and duties of citizens, and is the basis for its laws.

It asserts that Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state.

Ukraine is a republic. The people are the only source of power which is exercised directly and through the bodies of state power and local self-government.

The state language in Ukraine is Ukrainian.

The state symbols of Ukraine are the State Flag, the State Emblem and the State Anthem of Ukraine.

The capital of Ukraine is Kyiv.

The Constitution states that every person has the right to the free development of his / her personality, and has obligations before society where free and full development of the personality is assured.

Under the Constitution the powers of the government are divided into three branches – the legislative which consists of the Verkhovna Rada, the executive, headed by the President, and the judicial, which is led by the Supreme Court.

The President of Ukraine is the head of the state and speaks on behalf of it.

The Constitution defines the territorial structure of Ukraine.

The Constitution of Ukraine consists of 15 chapters, 161 articles.

The day of its adoption is a state holiday – the Day of the Constitution of Ukraine.

II-й КУРС

1-й СЕМЕСТР