What are industrial buildings used for?

6. Дайте определение основных типов зданий.

7. Кратко перескажите текст.

Information-to-Swallow (1)

Construction Projects Part One

In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity. large-scale construction is a feat of multi­tasking. Normally, the job is managed by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project architect.

For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is es­sential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastruc­ture must consider the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site safety, availability of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public, preparing tender documents, etc.

In general, there are three types of construction projects:

• Building construction

• Heavy/civil construction

• Industrial construction.

Each type of construction project requires a unique team to plan, design, construct, and maintain the project and includes common elements — design, financial, and legal considerations.

(900 п.зн.)

Part Two

Industrial construction, though a relatively small part of the entire construction industry, is a very important component. Owners of these projects are usually large, for-profit, industrial corporations. These corporations can be found in such industries as medicine, petro­leum, chemical, power generation, manufacturing, etc. Processes in

these industries require highly specialized expertise in all phases of the project implementation. As in building and heavy/highway con­struction, this type of construction requires a team of individuals to ensure a successful project.

The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design professionals trained in all stages of the project's life- cycle and develops an appreciation of the building as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components, including sustainability. Building engineering is an emerging discipline that attempts to meet this new challenge.

A construction project must fit into the legal framework. These in­clude governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations that are created in the process of construction. The project must ad­here to zoning and building code requirements.

A construction project is a complex net of contracts, each of which must be carefully considered. To sum up. the contracts must be de­signed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obliga­tions set out. Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse. (1 440 п. зн. )

Письменно подготовьте аннотацию текста 'Construction Projects'.

Information-to-Swallow (2)

Building Creation

The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings

is most usually a collective effort of different groups of professionals

and trades. Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a par­ticular building project, the project team may include:

• A real estate developer¹ who secures funding for the project

• One or more financial institutions or other investors that pro­vide the funding.

• Local planning and code authorities.

• A Surveyor who performs all surveys throughout the project.

• Construction managers who coordinate the effort of project participants.

• Licensed architects and engineers who provide building de­sign and prepare construction documents.

• Landscape architects.

• Interior designers.

• Other consultants.

• Contractors who provide construction services and install building systems such as climate control, electrical, plumbing, decora­tion. fire protection, security and telecommunications.

• Marketing or leasing** agents.

• Facility managers who are responsible for operating the building.

Regardless of their size or intended use. all buildings must comply with zoning ordinances. building codes and other regulations such as fire codes, life safety codes and related standards.

*Developers are the coordinators of the activities. convening ideas on paper into real property.

**Lease is a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment.

(1 260 п.зн.)

• Передайте содержание текста 'Building Creation' в трёх пред­ложениях.

• Подготовьте презентацию на тему 'Types of Buildings'.

Словарь к Разделу II

• 'big-box' store — гипермаркет;

• to accomplish выполнять, доводить до конца;

• to achieve достигать, добиваться. спешно выполнять

• to adhere (to) - прилипать, придерживаться

• to adjust proportions - соблюдать выдерживать пропорции

• adobe — глинобитное, саманное строение

• advanced technological system — современная технологическая система

• advancement in technology — технологический прогресс

• to aim — иметь целью, быть направленным

• amount— величина количество, сумма

• ancestor —предок

• appreciation оценка

• to articulate - ясно выражать, формулировать

• artistic expression — художественное выражение

• to assemble - собирать, монтировать

• assembly line production — сборочное производство

• to attain — достигать, добиваться

• available — допустимый,имеющийся в наличии;

• to be intended - быть предназначенным:

• to be intimately linked — быть тесно связанным:

• bearing elements — несущие элементы;

• belongings— имущество, собственность:

• budgeting — финансирование, составление сметы бюджета:

• building practices — строительные техники, приёмы, методы;

• building type — тип здания;

• civil engineering — гражданское строительство:

• close integration — тесная интеграция/объединение в одно целое;

• collapse — крушение, крах, провал;

• to combine functions — сочетать/объединять назначение;

• to come into effect — вступать в силу:

• to come to the fore — выйти на передний план;

• commerce — (оптовая) торговля, коммерция;

• completed town — застроенный город:

• complexity — сложность, коэффициент сложности;

• to comply (with) — соответствовать (стандартам);

• to compose properly — компоновать должным образом:

• conductor — проводник;

• confusion - беспорядок;

• to constitute составлять, создавать;

• contractor —подрядчик, контракт op;

• convenience store — магазин шаговой доступности;

• to convert — преобразовывать, превращать;

• to convey land — передавать (землю) к-л;

• conveying system — система транспортировки;

• creative imagination — творческое воображение;

• dairy products — молочные продукты;

• density -— плотность, концентрация;

to depend (on) — зависеть, находиться в зависимости; to designate — объявлять;

• detached - отдельный, изолированный;

• to differentiate — отличать, дифференцировать;

• to disguise — маскировать, скрывать;

• to distinguish — различать, выделять, распознавать;

• diversification — многообразие, разносторонность;

• division часть, раздел;

• dwelling — жилище, жилое помещение;

• earthwork structure — земляное сооружение;

• efficiency code — нормы и правила культуры производства;

• to embody — воплощать в себе;

• to emerge — появляться, возникать;

• to emphasize — придавать особое значение, акцентировать;

• to encompass — заключать, охватывать, осуществлять;

• to ensure a successful project — обеспечивать успешный проект;

• entrance — вход, входная дверь;

• environmental impact влияние на окружающую среду;

• to erect - сооружать, устанавливать, возводить, строить;

• essential — важнейший, необходимый;

• to evolve — эволюционировать, развиваться;

• exact — точный, точно соответствующий;

• to exclude — исключать, не допускать;

• execution of a project — выполнение проекта;

• facility manager — организатор производства;

• false —- ложный;

• feat of multitasking — искусство многозадачной работы;

• fell — шкура;

• to fill a need— восполнить потребность;

• to fit — подходить, соответствовать;

• for-profit — коммерческий;

• to fulfill basic needs — удовлетворять основные потребности;

• functional requirements — функциональные требования;

• funding — субсидирование, финансирование:

• generally— обычно, как правило, в целом:

• grain — зерно;

• grandeur—величие, великолепие, шедевр:

• to handle — манипулировать, управлять:

• height— высота, высшая точка:

• hence — отсюда, поэтому, следовательно:

• highly specialized expertise — высокоспециализированная экс­пертиза;

• to house people — обеспечивать людей жильём:

• human habitat — среда обитания человека:

• human-made structure — сооружение, созданное человеком:

• to improve efficiency увеличить эффективность:

• improved parcel — усовершенствованный участок (земли);

• in return — взамен, в свою очередь:

• inclined — наклонный.

to include — заключать, включать в себя, содержать в себе;

• to incorporate — включать, заключать, содержать в себе:

• to install— вставлять, устанавливать:

• internal infrastructure— внутренняя инфраструктура:

• intricate system — запутанная сложная система:

• land use — землепользование, использование земли;

• large-scale manufacturing — крупное производство;

• legal considerations — юридически действительное встречное удовлетворение;

• licensed — имеющий лицензию разрешение;

• local authorities — местные власти, муниципальные учреждения;

• logistics — логистика, материально-техническое обеспечение:

• to maintain a project — поддерживать проект:

• to maintain regulations — поддерживать правовое регулирование;

• marvel — чудо, удивительный феномен:

• mast — мачта;

• matter of debate — предмет спора;

• matter of principle — дело принципа;

• medieval — средневековый, относящийся к Средневековью;

to meet a challenge — соответствовать/отвечать на вызов;

• to meet specific demands — отвечать особым требованиям:

• mending — ремонт;

• milestone — мильный камень/столб, этап, рубеж, веха;

• multifaceted — многогранный;

• multiple — многократный, повторяющийся:

• multi-storey building - многоэтажное здание:

• non-perishable goods -непортящиеся товары;

• objective — цель:

• obligation — гарантия, обязательство, договор/соглашение:

• occupation занятие, род занятий, профессия;

• ordinance — предписание, распоряжение;

• to perform — выполнять, совершать:

• performance — производительность, эксплуатационные качества:

• periodic payment — периодический, регулярный платёж;

• to permit — позволять, разрешать, давать разрешение;

• plumbing — прокладка груб, слесарные работы;

• poultry — мясо домашней птицы;

• power products — электрическое оборудование;

• predominant use - преимущественное использование;

• рremise — помещение:

• project implementation — осуществление/реализация проекта:

• project's life-cycle — жизненный цикл проекта;

• to provide privacy — обеспечивать право па частную жизнь:

• purchase — приобретение, покупка:

• raw land — необработанная, незастроенная земля, пустырь;

• real estate development — строительство недвижимости;

• to reduce construction waste — уменьшать отходы строительства:

• to refer — иметь отношение, относиться, касаться;

• regular maintenance — техническое обслуживание;

• regulation — регламент, постановление, директива;

• relatively — относительно, сравнительно;

• re-lease — передача в аренду;

• residential — жилой, жилищный;

• residential architecture — архитектура жилищного строительства;

• residential area — жилой район;

• retail — розничная торговля;

• to reveal — показывать, выявлять, обнажать;

• scheduling — планирование, составление календарного пла­на/графика;

• separate — отдельный, изолированный;

• separate dwelling unit — отдельная квартира;

• to serve — служить, обслуживать, обеспечивать;

• settlement density — плотность застройки;

• shallow — мелкий;

• to shelter — давать приют, защищать:

• shopping mall -торговый пассаж. торговые ряды:

• sidewalk — боковая дорожка;

• site safety - безопасность на рабочем месте:

• smoothly — гладко, беспрепятственно, без помех;

• specialty — специальный ассортимент товаров:

• specified time определённый период времени срок;

• spire — шпиль, игла:

• storage — база, склад, хранилище:

• to store — хранить, сохранять:

• to supervise - контролировать, наблюдать, управлять;

• to support — поддерживать, содержать. обеспечивать;

• surveyor — геодезист, изыскатель;

• susceptibility — восприимчивость, подверженносгь:

• tender — тендер, конкурс:

• tract of land — полоса участок земли:

• trades— предприниматели:

• unlike — в отличие от:

• utilitarian functionalism — утилитаристский, практический функционализм;

• vehicle — транспортное средство;

• warehouse — товарный склад, большой магазин;

• wastewater— сточные воды:

• whatsoever — всё что. что бы ни. что-нибудь (в этом роде):

• wood-framed building деревянное здание рамной конструк­ции;

• work opportunities — вакансии, рабочие места;

• workshop — мастерская, цех.

Раздел III

CONSTRUCTION SITE TEXT A

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

total, condition, circulation, model, practice, design, program, human, select, project, concept, portion, organize, drainage, component, spe­cial. planner, analyze, detail, aesthetic, goal, potential, art.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

human habitat expansion — расширение человеческой среды оби­тания:

diversiform construction — разнообразное строительство:

construction site — строительная площадка:

to deliberate — обдумывать, рассматривать;

to make a model — создавать макет:

to draft a plan — делать эскиз плана;

to select a site — выбирать место (под строительство):

to establish a site — выбрать место (под строительство):

to designate in detail — подробно обозначать;

adjacent site — смежная (граничащая) местность;

program development of the site — проект организации строитель­ства:

to establish a program — утвердить проект организации строи­тельства:

forced solution — вынужденное/принудительное решение;

feasibility study — исследование возможности осуществления:

to carry out a project — осуществлять проект;

project implementation — осуществление проекта.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Initiating Construction Project

Every instant the world seems to be getting bigger. With human habitat expansion the need for diversiform construction inevitably

grows. It looks like construction sites* are everywhere being a distinctive feature of our time. To create fit conditions for human life and work is exceptionally complicated goal and teams of true profession­als are involved in the laborious process.

To begin with, a plan for a new construction is first profoundly de­liberated and drafted on paper. The plan is used then to make a small model. [When people involved in the project agree the plan tо be worthwhile, a site for construction is selected and. after in-depth study, finally established ]⁰

There are two methods of establishing a site for construction.

• Alternative sites are considered within a general location and a choice is made of the one best meeting the preliminary objectives;

• The site location is chosen by a client before the establish­ment of a program or even before a use for the site has been deter­mined.

An inappropriate site or factors of cost may lead to a forced site so­lution and it may well destroy the natural site features that could have been the primary reason for choosing the location. On large projects site selection may require a detailed feasibility study of poten­tial sites. The analysis of the site and its environs includes all natural, cultural, and aesthetic factors.

Landscape architects, architects, planners, and engineers professio­nally practice site planning which is an art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land. ( Site planners designate these uses in de­tail by selecting and analyzing sites, forming land use plans, organiz­ing vehicular and pedestrian circulation, developing visual form and materials concepts, readjusting the existing landforms by design grad­ing, providing proper drainage, and finally developing the construc­tion details necessary to carry out their projects.]⁰

The project implementation then requires a program development

of the site and a lot of people and special equipment working together.

All components must be related to each other — the sites, and struc­tures and activities on adjacent sites — for they must be viewed as pan of the total environment.

*A site is the location of an event, structure, object, or other thing, whether actual, virtual, abandoned (e.g. working site), extant, or planned. (2 ООО п.зн.)

4. Соедините части (ABC), чтобы получить законченное выска­зывание.

А.

• Site planning is an art...

• The work then requires a program...

• A plan for a new construction...

• To create fit conditions for...

• All components must be...

B.

• ...human life and work is...

• ...and science of arranging the...

• ...development of the site and a lot...

• .. .related to each other for they must...

• ...is first profoundly deliberated...

C.

• .. .be viewed as part of the total environment.

• .. .and drafted on paper.

• .. .of people and equipment working together.

• .. .exceptionally complicated cause.

• ... uses of portions of land.

  5. Ответьте на вопросы.

     1. Why is the need for construction growing?

     2. What is a small model of a new construction to show?

     3. What people are involved in a project?

     4. How can different portions of land be used?

     5. What should be done prior to construction development

6. Сложите предложения, чтобы получить пересказ текста.

1.Site planners develop the construction details to carry out their projects. 2. A site for construction is first selected and then estab- lished. 3. All components must be viewed as part of the total environ­ment. 4. Site planning is an art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land. 5. A plan for a new construction is first deliberated and drafted on paper. 6. Program development of the site includes every activity concerning future construction. 7. Natural site features are often the primary reason for choosing the location.

7. Сформулируйте определение понятия 'construction site'.

TEXT В

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

analysis, character, biological, focus, collect, economics, real, urban, component, location, context, legal, zoning, element, natural, circula­tion, major, municipal, department, jurisdiction, information, topo­graphic, drainage, texture, foundation, execute, rational.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

site analysis — исследование места (для строительства);

site inventory — подробное описание местности;

basic data— исходная информация:

to branch into smth — входить, врастать;

zoning — зонирование, деление на функциональные зоны;

utilities — коммунальные предприятия;

deed to the property — документ, подтверждающий право на собст­венность;

governmental jurisdiction — подведомственность органу власти;

topographic survey — топографическая съёмка;

soil conditions — грунтовые условия:

to complete in stages — выполнять поэтапно;

essential foundation — необходимая основа, база;

project development — разработка, развитие проекта.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Site Analysis

Site analysis is an essential step in understanding the character of the site and the physical, biological, and cultural linkages between the site and the surrounding landscape. [The site inventory is a focused process of collecting and mapping basic data needed in the subse­quent steps of the site planning and design.]⁰ The topic itself branches into the boundaries of architecture, landscape architecture, engineer­ing. real estate development, economics, and urban planning.

[Numerous components go into a site analysis, location, neigh­bourhood context, zoning, legal elements, natural physical features, circulation. utilities, and climate being mostly considered.]⁰

• The site should be related to major streets or landmarks pre­viously existing.

• Zoning of the neighbourhood is of much significance and in­formation of this type can be found at the municipal planning depart­ment of the site.

• Typical legal information can be obtained from the deed to the property. The document contains the property description, present ownership, and the governmental jurisdiction the site is located in.

• Most information for natural physical features is derived from the topographic survey of the site. Drainage problems, trees, ground cover, ground texture, and soil conditions on the site are also directly observed.

• Information for utilities includes the location of all local utili­ties around or on the site and can be found through the relevant de­partments.

The site inventory is commonly completed in stages by a team of specialists.

[A well-executed site analysis forms the essential foundation for a cost-effective, environmentally sensitive, and rational approach to project development.]⁰

(1 440 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложение […]0 устно.

5.Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is a site inventory? 2. What are subsequent steps to a site analysis?

3. What spheres does site analysis branch into? 4. What basic elements go into a site analysis?

5. What legal information can be obtained from the deed to the property?

6. Who completes a site inventory?

7. 7. What is a site analysis to form?

6.Соедините части предложений и продолжите мысль.

A site analysis...

• .. understands the character of the site. ... is a close inventory of the site.

• ... is collecting and mapping basic data on the site.

• ...branches into many spheres of construction science.

• ...makes a careful study of the site components.

• ... is completed in stages by specialists.

• ...forms the essential foundation for project development.

  7. Сформулируйте определение понятия 'site analysis'.

TEXT C

1. Переведите интернациональные слова, synthesis, analysis, phase, abstract, interpretation, factor, modify, ap­plication, concurrent, potential, integration, specific, determine, pa­raphrase, stable, functional, aesthetic.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

to adapt to smth — приспосабливать, прилаживать к чему-либо;

arbitrary — произвольный, случайный;

to fit a site — соответствовать (местности), быть органичным;

functional relationship — естественная взаимосвязь;

to commence a construction — начинать строительство;

site investigation — инженерно-геологические изыскания на строительной площадке;

to be concurrent with smth — совпадать, проходить одновременно;

to accommodate objectives — размещать объекты;

to ensure flexibility — обеспечивать гибкость, адаптивность;

to develop from specific needs — исходить из конкретных потреб­ностей;

a site design — строительный проект, объект строительства;

to possess intrinsic beauty — обладать подлинной красотой.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Site Design

Synthesis, based on a land use plan, evolves from the analytical phase. [The land use plan is developed from abstract relational dia­grams that are rearranged by warping, shifting, stretching, or rotating them to adapt to physical conditions; they are not arbitrary.]0 As many alternatives as possible should be tested in order to choose the best dia­gram. [The design synthesis will be an interpretation and articulation of factors into a design that fits the site without seriously altering functional relationships.]⁰ And all design details must be grouped, sorted, and modified as site conditions and applications indicate.

Prior to commencing any construction the closest investigation of the site should be conducted for the contractor to be prepared for what lies ahead. [Site investigation should be made concurrent with the formulation of program objectives — it ensures the flexibility of the site's potential and the integration of its natural and cultural features with the design.]⁰ To develop the best possible site for accommodat­ing objectives the program must be carefully prepared. Because the program develops from specific needs, these needs determine the over­all objectives. The task appears to be quite tangled and challenging.

Sustainable site design must include broad considerations of the environmental role of the site as well as the program or intention of the project. Sustainable design must recognize and retain functional elements of a site and consider the relationships between the site and the community at large.

To paraphrase the 1st century architect, Vitruvius, the designer's challenge is to create a site design which is useful, stable, durable, and beautiful in equal measure. In other words, [a design should be functional, carefully constructed of durable materials, and possess intrinsic beauty due to the care and craftsmanship evident in its form and aesthetic expression.]⁰ (1 600 п.зн.)

4. Из приведённых слов сложите предложения.

• from, land use plan, analytical phase, a, synthesis, on, evolves,

• based, the;

• objectives, of. made, the, site, formulation, should, program, con­current, be, investigation, with;

• determine, from, overall, the, needs, because, objectives, these, program, needs, the. develops, specific:

• should, diagram, to. many, as, order, the, alternatives, be, choose, in, possible, best, as, tested:

• create, a, which, durable, is, challenge, site design, useful, and, in, designer's, to, equal measure, the, stable, is, beautiful.

5, Ответьте на вопросы.

1. How does synthesis, based on a land use plan, evolve from the analytical phase?

2. Why is it so important to adapt relational diagrams to physical conditions of the site?

3. Why should be site investigation made concurrent with the for­mulation of program objectives?

4. What does site design sustainability imply?

5. What is the main designer's challenge in creating a site design?

6.Соедините части предложений и продолжите мысль.

A site design...

• ...should be conducted for the contractor.

• ...appears to be quite tangled and challenging task.

• ...is not arbitrary.

• ...includes considerations of the intention of the project.

• ...must retain functional elements of broad environment to be sustainable.

• ...should be functional and constructed of durable materials.

• ...is neither a land use plan nor an abstract relational diagram.

Р.А. Шамёнова, С.А. Кулиш 1

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО 1

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ для строительных специальностей вузов 1

Urban Planning 8

Part Two 10

B. 11

6. Подберите подходящий обсудите предложения. 12

7. Ответьте на вопросы. 12

8. Соедините предложения, чтобы получить краткое содержание текста. 12

А. 44

C. 44

6. Сложите предложения, чтобы получить пересказ текста. 45

TEXT В 45

1. Переведите интернациональные слова. 45

А. 76

B. 76

А. 133

B. 133

A. 163

TEXT D

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

stage, process, location, context, legal, circulation, initial, schematic, study, type, priority, parallel, necessary, natural, activity, integrity, regulation, precedence, identify, engineer.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

3. organizational stage — организационная стадия;

4. legal elements — правовая (юридическая) часть;

site programming— проект организации строительства;

cost estimate — оценка затрат (на строительство);

process of refinement— корректировка, усовершенствование;

required facilities — необходимое оборудование, сооружения;

time of completion — время завершения (строительства);

work task — рабочее задание;

scheduling of activities — составление графика работ;

precedence -— приоритет, первоочерёдность;

structural integrity — конструктивная целостность;

technical requirements — технические требования, условия;

recommended specifications — рекомендованные технические ус­ловия;

construction equipment— строительное оборудование.

5. Прочитайте текст и выполните задании.

Site Programming

The site design and site planning process begins with the initial problem to be solved. Site planning refers to the organizational stage of the design process. It is divided into three phases: research, analy­sis, and synthesis, and involves location, neighborhood and zoning contexts, natural physical features, legal elements, circulation, drai­nage, utilities, etc.

The next step involves programming the site. [From the analysis, a program is developed dealing with schematic design of a site plan as well as a preliminary cost estimate for the site.]⁰

Program development is based on the study of factors such as site requirements and sizes, types of building and site construction, and the

52

uses of materials. The program is a constant process of refinement as these factors are studied. [The completely developed program will include a schedule of required facilities, their times of completion, and their priority for construction.]⁰

A parallel step in the planning process is to define the various work tasks that must be accomplished. [These work tasks represent the ne­cessary framework to permit scheduling of activities, estimating the resources required, and necessary precedences among the tasks.]⁰ Precedence relations between activities signify that the activities must take place in a particular sequence. Numerous natural sequences exist for construction activities due to requirements for structural in­tegrity, regulations, and other technical requirements.

[Choice of appropriate technology involves study on methods of construction to successfully achieve the structural design with rec­ommended specifications.]⁰ It also includes study on construction equipments and temporary works required to facilitate the construc­tion process.

[The civil/site engineer is typically responsible for surveying the site and identifying all existing structures and proposed construction on drawings.]⁰

(1 600 п.зн.)

4. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What stage of the design process does site planning refer to?

2. What does this stage involve?

3. What does a program of the site deal with?

4. What is program development based on?

5. Why is this program a constant process of refinement?

6. What do precedence relations between activities signify?

7. What natural sequences exist for construction activities?

8. What does the choice of appropriate technology involve?

9. What is the civil/site engineer responsible for?

5. Обсудите варианты и дайте определение понятия "site pro­gramming".

Site programming means...

• ... making schematic design of a site plan.

• ...estimating cost for construction and resources required.

• ...study of different factors concerning future construction.

• ...scheduling of activities to take place on the site.

• ...definition of various work tasks to be accomplished.

• ...choice of appropriate technology.

• ...study on temporary works required for construction.

• ...identifying all existing structures on drawings.

• ...surveying the site.

  6. Составьте план текста.

  7. Пользуясь планом, расскажите об основных составляющих Проекта организации строительства.

TEXT Е

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

preparation, activity, clearance, agency, vegetation, foundation, base, landscape, contour, strategy, prevent, excavate, balance, recyclable, topography, import, export

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

site preparation — подготовка строительной площадки;

grubbing — распахивание, корчевание;

development process — процесс строительства;

ground remediation — замена испорченного грунта;

fly-tipped materials — мусор, стихийная свалка;

balancing a site — планировка стройплощадки;

prescribed topography — картограмма земляных работ;

grading — нивелировка, профилирование, земляные работы;

finished contouring — устройство основания (под фундамент);

foundation drainage strategies — мероприятия по отводу грунто­вых вод;

site excavating — разработка котлована (под фундамент);

heavy earthmoving equipment — тяжёлая строительная техника;

to create a level — выравнивать дно котлована;

to backfill — заполнять, засыпать обратно.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Site Preparation

[A site preparation consists of different activities, clearing and grubbing being the first step in the development process, and quite often setting the tone with the regulatory agencies for the rest of the project.]⁰ Site clearance means removing all the structures, hedges, ditches, rocks, trees, other vegetation, and services from a site. It might also include ground remediation where soil has been contami­nated, and the clearance of fly-tipped materials.

[Balancing a site refers to the practice of using existing soils and rock (including excavation spoils), as well as recyclable materials on site, to achieve the prescribed topography.]⁰ Soil and rock are re­moved from high spots and transported to low spots on the same site, so that importing and exporting soil, which adds significantly to cost, is avoided. This concept contributes to sustainability and is considered in the design and construction of all sites.

[Grading site area is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specific slope, for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or landscape improvements.]⁰ The earthworks* created for such a purpose are often called the sub-grade or finished contouring. Proper site grading and foundation drainage strategies are required in order to prevent water damage to basements and their contents.

Site excavation is a process in which soil, rock, and other materials are removed from a site, typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment. [The site is excavated to create a level, clean area to work, with the foundations being established in the excavated area.]⁰ A site may also be excavated and backfilled to confirm that the material di­rectly under the site is of proper quality. The depth of site excavation can vary, depending on the object to occur.

* Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving and/or processing of quantities of soil or unformed rock. (1 600 п.зн.)

4. Соедините подходящие части, добавив глаголы.

• Site preparation...

• Site clearance...

• Grading site area...

• Site excavation...

• Balancing a site...

...removing soil from high to low spots.

.. .a level base for a construction work. .

..to confirm the material under the site being of proper quality.

...achieving the prescribed topography.

.. .of different activities.

...ground remediation as well.

.. .the tone for the rest of the project.

...putting away all trees, rocks, hedges, ditches, etc.

.. .clearing and grubbing the site.

...to remove soil, rock and other materials.

.. .to prevent water damage to basements.

...using existing on the site soils and rocks.

...removing fly-tipped materials.

...a level to establish the foundations.

5. Ответьте на вопросы.

   1. What activities does site preparation involve?

   2. What can be ground contaminated with?

   3. What recyclable materials do you know?

   4. How do you understand the notion 'prescribed topography'?

   5. How does importing-exporting soil add to cost of a project?

   6. Why is it necessary to ensure a level base on the site?

   7. Of what quality, you think, should soil be to erect an object on?

6. Кратко и информативно расскажите о видах земляных ра­бот при подготовке стройплощадки.

7. Дайте определение деятельности «Подготовка площадки под строительство».

TEXT F

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

specification, assemble, logical, budget, operation, barrier, block, chemical, identify, barrel, generator, electricity, service, contact, accu­rate, lead, legally, standard, regulation.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

design details — рабочий проект;

specifications — обобщённые данные по разделу;

established deadlines — установленные сроки;

storage compound— складское сооружение;

bund — ангар;

impermeable

surface — непроницаемая/непромокаемая поверх­ность;

hard standing — твёрдое, жёсткое основание;

drip tray — поддон;

regular service — техобслуживание;

plant storage — площадка для строительной техники;

refueling area — место заправки;

to be legally responsible — нести юридическую ответственность;

waste materials — строительный мусор;

to maintain a high standard — поддерживать высокий уровень, стандарт.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Organizing Site Area

Site design details together with written specifications are to de­termine how all site elements should be furnished, assembled, installed or placed on the site. [All required site activities must be di­vided into logical steps, budgeting the time required to meet estab­lished deadlines.]⁰ The Contractor should confine operations, site work* and location of amenities and storage facilities at the site.

[To prevent access, matchable gates and barriers must be installed without blocking a public right of way, and be in keeping with the natural environment.]⁰

A location on site to set up a storage compound for oil, fuel and chemicals should be identified and be as far away as possible from surface waters, ground water, and surface water drains. [Bunds should be used to store tanks or barrels inside to prevent the materials from escaping into the environment if the storage tank or barrels leak or burst.]⁰

Whether small or portable or large and static, generators use fuel to produce electricity. Where possible, the generator should be set up on an impermeable surface such as hard standing or a drip tray, well away from any drains or watercourses. As well as making the genera­tor operate more efficiently, its regular service can reduce the level of noise and emissions that it produces.

The plant storage and refueling areas must be established in a lo­cation where they will not need to be moved during the course of the contract.

It is necessary to have an up-to-date and accurate drainage plan of the site. This will help to identify the locations of all the drains and sewers and where they lead.

The business is legally responsible for storing and transporting the waste materials safely and securely. Waste materials should not cause any land, water or air pollution .

[It is very important to maintain a high standard of housekeeping on site and follow the international rules and regulations to achieve a standard site clearance.]⁰

*Site work is the placement of products, materials, utilities and accessories that go into the land around the structure, or on the site that the structure is built on.

(1 750 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложения […]⁰ письменно.

5. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What determines location and utilization of all site elements?

2. What helps to meet established deadlines?

3. What requirements must be followed in oil, fuel, and chemicals storing?

4. What are bunds used for?

5. What are the rules of setting up generators at a site?

6. How must the plant storage and refueling areas be established?

7. Why is it vital to have an up-to-date drainage plan of the site?

8. Who is legally responsible for storing and transporting waste mate­rials?

9. How can be a standard site clearance achieved?

6. Расскажите о требованиях к обустройству стройплощадки.

1. Перечислите обязанности подрядчика в процессе строительст­ва объекта.

TEXT G

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

fundamental, management, execution, resource, identification, basis, critical, aspect, organization, result, synthesize, generation, alterna­tive, normative, final, select, coordination, specific.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

3. management of a project — руководство проектом;

4. work task — рабочее задание;

required resources — необходимые средства и материалы;

to develop a budget— осваивать бюджет;

to develop a construction plan — разрабатывать план строительст­ва;

to form a construction plan — формировать план строительства;

to generate activities — разрабатывать мероприятия;

to perform activities — осуществлять мероприятия;

a final facility— конечное сооружение, готовый объект;

a phase of construction — фаза, этап, стадия строительства;

physical construction phase — этап собственно строительства;

to withstand sustained use — выдерживать непрерывное исполь­зование.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Art of Construction Management

Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and execution of construction projects. [It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks.]⁰ A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work. Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the management of construction. In addition to technical aspects of construction planning, it may also be necessary to make organization­al decisions about the relationships between project participants and even which organizations to include in a project.

Forming a construction plan is also a highly intricate job. [A planner begins with a result and must synthesize the steps required to yield this result. Essential aspects of construction planning include the generation of required activities, analysis of the implications of these activities, and choice among the various alternative means of per­forming activities.]⁰ Construction planners also face the normative problem of choosing the best among numerous alternative plans. Moreover, a planner must imagine the final facility as described in the plans and specifications.

Apparently, construction is an art, not a science. [In delving into all steps that occur at each phase of construction — from the owner's planning and budgeting phase, through the design stage when draw­ings and plans are created, to the contractor selecting stage, and through the physical construction phase of the project when the project is complete and turned over to the owner for use — it is clearly an art of coordination and management that must occur at every step to carry out the project and create a structure that will withstand sus­tained use over a specific period of time.]⁰ (1 600 п.зн.)

4. Ответьте на вопросы.

• What are initial points of any construction planning?

• Why is the construction plan development a critical task in the management of construction?

• How does development of construction plan differ from its for­mation?

• What essential elements are to be considered to form a good construction plan?

• Who has to imagine the construction object as given in the plans and detailed descriptions?

• What consequent phases does any construction project go into?

• What makes construction management an art?

  5. Соедините части предложений и обсудите варианты.

A construction planning...

• ...is a fundamental activity in the construction management.

• .. .estimates resources required.

• .. .considers the choice of technology.

• .. .defines work tasks and durations of individual tasks.

• ... identifies interactions among the work tasks.

• ...is the basis for budget development and work scheduling.

• .. .defines relations between project participants.

  6. Соединитe части предложений, вставив глаголы.

A construction plan formation...

• .. .an extremely tangled job.

> .. .the steps to yield the construction objective.

• ...various activities.

• ...the implications of different activities.

• ...the alternative means of performing activities.

• ...the normative problem of choosing plans.

• ...the final construction objects.

7. Опишите жизненный цикл строительного проекта и роль ме­неджмента на каждом этапе.

Information-to-Swallow

Site Safety

Construction is the most dangerous land-based work in the world. The fatal accident rate approaches 13 workers per 100,000. [The problem is not that the hazards and risks are unknown; it is that they are very difficult to control in changing work environment.]⁰

The leading safety hazards on site are falls from height, motor ve­hicle crashes, excavation accidents, electrocution, machines, and be­ing struck by falling objects. Some of the main health hazards on site are asbestos, solvents, noise, and manual handling activities.

All employees must be trained to identify hazards. Both employee and employer are responsible for providing and use of various protection systems.

With no doubt, site safety nowadays becomes the major parameter to complete the project on time. Beside the safety policy committed by the company's top management, the safety plan needs to be audited and updated from time to time for implementation. [Special training and refresher course must be maintained to remind the workers up to the end of the project.]⁰ (870 п.зн.)

♦> Подготовьте презентацию на одну из тем раздела 'Construction Site'.

Словарь к Разделу III

• abandoned— заброшенный, пустующий;

• to accommodate objectives — размещать объекты;

• accurate — правильный, точный;

• to adapt to smth — приспосабливать, прилаживать к чему-либо;

• adjacent site — смежная (граничащая) местность;

• to alter— изменять, вносить изменения, переделывать;

• apparently — очевидно, несомненно;

• approach — подход (к решению);

• arbitrary— произвольный, случайный;

• to assemble — собирать, монтировать;

• to audit— проводить ревизию, проверять;

• to avoid — избегать, остерегаться;

• to backfill — заполнять, засыпать обратно;

• balancing a site — планировка стройплощадки;

• barrel — бочка;

• base course — гравийно-песчаная подготовка;

• basic data — исходная информация;

• to branch into smth — входить, врастать;

• bund — ангар;

• to carry out a project — осуществлять проект;

• circulation — потоки, схема потоков движения;

• to commence a construction — начинать строительство;

• to commit— совершать, поручать, фиксировать;

• to complete in stages — выполнять поэтапно;

• to be concurrent with smth — совпадать, проходить одновременно;

• to confirm — подтверждать;

• construction equipment — строительное оборудование;

• construction site — строительная площадка;

• to contaminate — загрязнять, заражать;

• to contribute— содействовать, способствовать, вносить вклад;

• cost estimate — оценка затрат (на строительство);

• cost-effective — доходный, прибыльный, рентабельный;

• craftsmanship — мастерство, квалифицированная работа;

• to create a level — выравнивать (дно котлована);

• critical task — важная, решающая задача;

• deed to the property — документ, подтверждающий право на собственность;

• to deliberate — обдумывать, рассматривать;

• to delve — изучать, тщательно исследовать, вникать;

• to derive — получать, извлекать;

• design details — рабочий проект;

• to designate in detail — подробно обозначать;

• to destroy — разрушать;

• to develop a budget — осваивать бюджет;

• to develop a construction plan — разрабатывать план строи­тельства;

• to develop from specific needs — исходить из конкретных по­требностей;

• development process — процесс строительства;

• distinctive feature — отличительная, характерная черта;

• ditch — канава, траншея;

• diversiform construction — разнообразное строительство;

• to draft a plan — делать эскиз плана;

• drawing — чертёж;

• drip tray — поддон;

• durable — надёжный, прочный;

• duration — длительность, продолжительность;

• electrocution — поражение электрическим током;

• emission — выброс, выделение;

• to ensure flexibility — обеспечивать гибкость, адаптивность;

• environs — окрестности (города, местности);

• to escape — давать утечку, вытекать;

• essential foundation — необходимая основа, база;

• to establish a program — утвердить проект организации строи­тельства;

• to establish a site — выбрать место (под строительство);

• established deadlines — установленные сроки;

• to estimate — оценивать, производить оценку;

• evident — явный, очевидный, несомненный;

• execution of a project — осуществление проекта;

• extant — сохранившийся, существующий в настоящее время;

• fatal accident rate — количество несчастных случаев со смер­тельным исходом;

• feasibility study — исследование возможности осуществления;

• final facility — готовый объект;

• finished contouring — устройство основания (под фундамент);

• to fit a site — соответствовать(местности ), быть органичнымм;

• fly-tipped materials — мусор, стихийная свалка;

• forced solution — вынужденное/принудительное решение;

• to form a construction plan — формировать план строительства;

• foundation drainage strategies — мероприятия по отводу грун­товых вод;

• functional relationship — естественная взаимосвязь;

• to furnish — оснащать, снабжать, доставлять;

• to generate activities — разрабатывать мероприятия;

• governmental jurisdiction — подведомственность органу власти;

• grading — нивелировка, профилирование, земляные работы;

• ground remediation — замена испорченного грунта;

• grubbing — выкорчёвывание, корчевание;

• hard standing — твёрдое основание;

• heavy earthmoving equipment — тяжёлая строительная техника;

• hedge — (живая) изгородь, ограда;

• housekeeping — административно-хозяйственная работа;

• human habitat expansion — расширение среды обитания чело­века;

• impermeable surface — непроницаемая поверхность;

• implication — вовлечение, участие, последствия;

• to indicate — показывать, указывать, означать;

• inevitably — неизбежно;

• to initiate — начать, приступать;

• instant — мгновение, момент;

• integration — объединение в одно целое, интеграция;

• intricate — запутанный, сложный;

• laborious — трудный, трудоёмкий, напряжённый;

• landmark — бросающийся в глаза объект местности, ориентир;

• at large во всём объёме, целиком;

• to leak — пропускать жидкость, протекать;

• legal elements — правовая (юридическая) часть;

• linkage — взаимозависимость, взаимосвязь;

• to maintain a high standard — поддерживать высокий уровень, стандарт;

• to make a model — создавать макет;

• management of a project — руководство проектом;

• to тар — составлять карту;

• matchable — подходящий, соответствующий;

• to modify — видоизменять, подправлять, модифицировать;

• neighbourhood — окрестности,район;

• to observe — обращать внимание, наблюдать;

• to occur — встречаться, попадаться;

• organizational stage — организационная стадия;

• overall — полный, всеобъемлющий, от начала до конца;

• ownership — собственность, владение, право собственности;

• participant — участник, участвующий;

• particular sequence — определённая последовательность;

• to perform activities — осуществлять мероприятия;

• phase of construction — фаза, этап, стадия строительства;

• physical construction phase — этап собственно строительства;

• plant storage — площадка для строительной техники;

• to possess intrinsic beauty — обладать подлинной красотой;

• precedence — приоритет, первоочерёдность;

• preliminary — предварительный, начальный;

• prescribed topography — картограмма земляных работ;

• to prevent — предотвращать, препятствовать, оберегать;

• priority — приоритет, порядок срочности, очерёдность;

• process of refinement— корректировка, усовершенствование;

• profoundly — глубоко, основательно;

• program development of the site — проект организации строительства;

• project development — разработка, развитие проекта;

• project implementation — осуществление проекта;

• recommended specifications — рекомендованные технические условия;

• to reduce — уменьшать, снижать;

• refresher course — курсы переподготовки;

• refueling area — место заправки;

• regular service — техобслуживание;

• relevant — соответствующий;

• to remind — напоминать;

• required facilities — необходимое оборудование, сооружения;

• required resources — необходимые средства и материалы;

• to be legally responsible — нести юридическую ответствен­ность;

• to retain — сохранять, удерживать;

• scheduling of activities — составление графика работ;

• to select a site — выбирать место (под строительство);

• sewer — сточная труба, коллектор;

• shifting — перемещение, сдвиг, смещение;

• significantly — значительно;

• to signify — значить, означать;

• site analysis — исследование места (для строительства);

• site design — строительный проект, объект строительства;

• site excavating — разработка котлована (под фундамент);

• site inventory — подробное описание местности;

• site investigation — инженерно-геологические изыскания на строительной площадке;

• site preparation — подготовка строительной площадки;

• site programming — проект организации строительства;

• soil conditions — грунтовые условия;

• solvent — растворитель;

• specifications — обобщённые данные по разделу;

• spot — место, местность;

• storage compound — складское сооружение;

• stretching — растягивание, растяжение, вытягивание;

• structural integrity — конструктивная целостность;

• subsequent — следующий, последующий;

• tangled — запутанный, сложный;

• tank — бак, резервуар, цистерна;

• technical requirements — технические требования;

• temporary — временный;

• texture — строение, структура ч-л;

• time of completion — время завершения (строительства);

• topographic survey — топографическая съёмка;

• utilities — коммунальные предприятия;

• to vary — меняться, различаться;

• warping— изменение масштаба;

• waste materials — строительный мусор;

• to withstand sustained use — выдерживать непрерывное ис­пользование;

• work task — рабочее задание;

• worthwhile — стоящий, достойный;

• to yield — давать результат, приводить к ч-л;

• zoning — зонирование, деление на функциональные зоны.

Раздел IV

BUILDING MATERIALS TEXT A

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

substance, fibrous, variety, synthetic, categorize, natural, select, mani­pulation, cubic, cement, aggregate, cementitious, granite, proportion, ingredient, mixture, aluminium, decorative, popular, paste.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

construction purpose — цель строительства;

fibrous рlant — волокнистое растение;

industrial setting — промышленная установка;

availability — наличие, доступность, возможность использования;

transportation ease — лёгкость/простота транспортировки;

predominant material — преобладающий материал;

chemical admixture — химическая добавка;

mass concrete structure — конструкция из монолитного бетона;

functional extension — функциональный ряд (бетонных изделий);

to vary proportions — менять пропорции;

partial replacement— частичная замена;

manufactured aggregate— промышленный/фабричный заполнитель.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. Building Materials (I)

Part One

Building materials are any materials used for construction purpos­es. Since earliest times many natural substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves, and ice (!) have been used to construct buildings. To continue the list of natural building materials fibrous plants and animal skins come along.

Apart from naturally occurring materials, great variety of man- made products, more or less synthetic, are in use. All building mate­rials can be generally categorized into two sources — natural and syn­

thetic. [Natural building materials are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as lumber or glass. Synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after much human manipula­tions (plastics and petroleum based paints, for instance).]⁰ Both natu­ral and synthetic building materials are widely used for construction purposes.

Choice of building materials in modern construction industry is almost unlimited. [To select appropriate materials for a construction is the concern of designers and engineers, and the main factors to be considered are the materials' physical properties, availability, trans­portation ease, cost, environmental impacts, etc.]°

Concrete is used more than any other man-made material and has been the predominant building material in this modern age. As of 2006, about 7.5 cubic kilometres of concrete are produced each year — more than one cubic metre for every person on Earth. It is com­posed of cement (commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of gravels or crushed rocks such as limes- tone*, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures. [Mass concrete structures, reinforced con­crete, prestressed concrete, and precast concrete are the most widely used; types of concrete functional extensions in modern days.]⁰

There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients. [The finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties.]° (1 800 п.зн.)

Part Two

[Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, and plaster.]° It is the most common type of cement in general usage. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon, and aluminium.

Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone (a source of calcium) with clay, and grinding this product (called clinker) with a source of sulfate (most commonly gypsum**).

Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mix­ture. [Recycled aggregates (from demolition, construction, and exca­vation waste) are increasingly used as partial replacements of natural aggregates, while a number of manufactured aggregates, including air-cooled blast furnace slag and bottom ash are also permitted.]⁰ De­corative stones, small river stones or crushed glass are sometimes added to the surface of concrete for a decorative finish, popular among landscape designers.

Combining water with a cementitious material forms a cement paste by the process of hydration. The cement paste glues the aggre­gate together, fills voids within it, and allows it to flow more freely.

[Chemical admixtures are materials in the form of powder or flu­ids that are added to the concrete (usually less than 5%) to give it cer­tain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.]⁰

* Limestone is a hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite.

** Gypsum is a soft material occurring in nature as crystals and transparent cleav­able masses called selenite. (1 250 п.зн.)

4. Соедините части предложений (AB), чтобы получить закон­ченное высказывание.

А.

• Aggregates may usually include...

• The factors for selecting building materials are...

• Cement consists of...

• Recycled aggregates are increasingly used...

• Concrete is composed of...

• Cement paste is formed...

• The most widely used types of concrete extensions are...

в.

• their physical properties, availability, transportation ease, cost, environmental impacts, etc.

• as partial replacements of natural aggregates.

• mass concrete structures, reinforced and precast concrete.

• cement, aggregate, water, and chemical admixtures.

• by the process of hydration combining water with a cementi- tious material.

• sand, natural gravel, and crushed stone.

• a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon, and aluminium.

  5. Ответьте на вопросы.

• What natural substances have been used to construct buildings since earliest times?

• What sources can be all building materials generally catego­rized into?

• Whose concern is it to select appropriate materials for building purposes?

• How much concrete is produced each year?

• What are chemical admixtures added to the concrete for?

5. Составьте план текста.

6. Пользуясь планом, перескажите текст.

ТЕХТ В

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

fiber, gravity, massive, block, optimize, stress, distribute, optimal, press, service, conserve, reconstruction, resource, locally, confuse, term, stucco, contact, stable, asphalt, deposit, minor, competent, con­veyor, separate.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

compressive stress — напряжение на сжатие;

tensile stress — растягивающее напряжение;

concrete delivery truck — машина для доставки бетона;

to reduce weight — уменьшать вес;

fire resistance — огнестойкость, жаростойкость;

to conserve resources —- сберегать ресурсы;

load bearing element — несущий элемент (конструкции);

anhydrous powder substance — безводное порошкообразное ве­щество:

hydraulic render — гидравлический (затвердевающий в воде) нижний слой штукатурки; particulate material — зернистый материал;

uniform properties — неизменные/постоянные свойства;

specialty aggregate — специализированный заполнитель;

bedrock deposit — месторождение/залежь материковой породы;

earth-moving equipment — оборудование для землеройных работ;

belt conveyor — ленточный конвейер/транспортёр.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. More details about concrete, cement, and aggregate Part One

[Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but signifi­cantly lower tensile strength. and as such is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (steel reinforcing bars, steel fibers, glass fiber, or plastic fiber).]⁰ This concrete is then referred to as rein­forced concrete. To minimize air bubbles that would weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been en­trained when the liquid concrete mix is pound around the ironwork.

Mass concrete structures include big buildings, gravity dams, large breakwaters, tornado shelters, etc. and are widely used in mod- ern massive construction. Concrete that is poured all at once in one block does not have weak points where it is 'welded' together. The size of building site is optimized as well, when a ready product is de­livered to the site by special concrete delivery trucks.

Prestressed concrete is a form of reinforced concrete that builds in compressive stresses during construction. It can greatly reduce the weight of beams or slabs by better distributing the stresses in the structure to make optimal use of the reinforcement.]⁰ For example, a horizontal beam will tend to sag down. If the reinforcement along the

bottom of the beam is pressed, it can counteract this: In pre-tensioned concrete, the prestressing is achieved by using steel or polymer ten­dons or bars that are subjected to a tensile force prior to casting, or for post-tensioned concrete, after casting.

Concrete is the safest, most durable and sustainable building ma­terial. It provides superior fire resistance, gains strength over time and has an extremely long service life (with its 100-year service life, concrete conserves resources by reducing the need for reconstruc­tion). Energy requirements for transportation of concrete are low be­cause it is produced locally from local resources, typically manufac­tured within 100 kilometres of the job site. [As a construction materi­al, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once har­dened. can become a structure (load bearing) element.]⁰ (1 750 п.зн.)

Part Two

The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete — the bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material that is durable in the face of normal envi­ronmental effects. [Concrete should not be confused with cement be­cause the term cement refers only to the anhydrous powder substance used to bind the aggregate materials of concrete.]⁰ Upon the addition of water and/or additives the cement mixture is referred to as concrete, especially if aggregates have been added.

Modern hydraulic cements began to be developed from the start of the Industrial Revolution (around 1800), driven by three main needs:

• Hydraulic render (stucco) for finishing brick buildings in wet climates.

• Hydraulic mortar for masonry construction of harbour works, etc., in contact with sea water.

• Development of strong concrete.

Construction aggregate, or simply 'aggregate', is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction. [Aggregates are used as stable foundations or road/rail base with predictable, uniform

properties, or as a low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.]⁰ Sources for this basic material can be grouped into three main areas:

• mining of mineral aggregate deposits, including sand, gravel, and stone;

• use of waste slag from the manufacture of iron and steel;

• recycling of concrete.

In addition, there are some minor materials that are used as special­ty lightweight aggregates — clay, pumice, perlite, and vermiculite.

Modern blasting methods enabled the development of quarries, which are now used throughout the world, wherever competent be­drock deposits of aggregate quality exist. Large stone quarry and sand and gravel operations exist near virtually all population centres. [These are capital-intensive operations, utilizing large earth-moving equipment, belt conveyors, and machines specifically designed for crushing and separating various sizes of aggregate.]⁰

(1 700 п.зн.)

4. Письменно переведите предложения

5. Предельно кратко и информативно расскажите

о бетоне;

цементе;