Distinctions among Clothing, Costume and Dress

to designate – обозначать, указывать

to assert – утверждать, заявлять

credibility – вероятность

identity – идентичность, тождественность

occasion - повод, событие

Items of clothing are components utilized in both costume and dress and designate specific garments and other apparel items such as footwear, headwear, and accessories. Costume is an ensemble created to allow an individual to present a performance identity for the theater, cinema, or masquerade, or to assert an identity as a member of an ethnic group on special occasions or for special events. Dress is the totality of body alterations and additions that help an individual establish credibility of identity in everyday life. In the United States, the term "costume history" ordinarily indicates the chronological study of dress, but in the United Kingdom the term "dress history" is most frequently used.

Text C. Textile Materials Used for Clothing

Fibres are the raw materials for all fabrics. For most of history, people had only natural fibres to use in making cloth. But modern science has learnt how to produce fibres by chemical and technical means. Plants provide more textile fibres than do animals or minerals. Different materials have different construction, weight, finish and fibre or chemical composition. There are several categories of textile materials or fabrics.

1. Woven fabrics are made on a loom by interlacing the warp and the filling (crosswise) threads. There are three basic weaves – plain (most common), twill and satin. There are many possible variants of there fundamental types. Woven fabrics usually have more warp yarns than filling yarns and, therefore, are usually stronger warpwise than fillingwise.

2. Knitted fabrics are made from a single yarn or a set of yarns by interlocking series of loops on a knitting machine. In making cloth, a knitting machine forms loops in the yarn and links them to one another by means of needles. The looped structure makes knitted fabrics more elastic than woven cloth. Garment manufacturers use knitted fabrics in producing comfortable, lightweight clothing such as sweaters, cardigans, underwear, etc. that resists wrinkling.

3. Coated fabrics are usually woven fabrics that have been given a heavy surface coating with some agent to make water-repellent. Vinyl-coated awning fabric is an example. Laminated fabrics are made up of two or more plies of different materials.

4. Other fabrics include tufted fabrics, nets and laces, braids and felt. None of these fabrics is woven or knitted.

Vocabulary

awning fabric n	-	брезентовая ткань
coating n	-	покрытие
felt n	-	фетр, войлок
fibre n	-	волокно
filling threads n	-	уточные нити
fillingwise adj	-	по утку
finish n	-	отделка
interlacing n	-	переплетение
loom n	-	ткацкий станок
loop n	-	петля
needle n	-	игла
plain weave n	-	полотняное переплетение
satin weave n	-	атласное переплетение
thread n	-	нитка
twill weave n	-	саржевое переплетение
warp n	-	основа (ткани)
warpwise adv	-	по основе
water-repellent adj	-	водоотталкивающий
to weave v	-	ткать
woven fabrics n	-	тканые материалы
wrinkling n	-	сминание
yarn n	-	пряжа, нить

Exercise 13. Read the text “Materals Used for Clothing” and translate it into Russian.

Exercise 14. Match A and B to make sentences.

A	B
A textile is a cloth,	knitted fabrics more elastic than woven cloth.
Most textiles are produced by twisting (кручивание) fibres into yarns and	than knitted fabrics.
This method of making cloth	they are given a heavy surface coating with some agent.
The looped structure makes	which is either woven by hand or machine.
Woven fabrics are less elastic and more durable	then knitting or weaving the yarns into a fabric.
To make fabrics water-repellent	has been used for thousands of years.

Exercise 15. Think over and answer the questions.

1. What fabrics appeared earlier, woven or knitted? Give your reasons.

2. Why aren’t coated fabrics widely used for everyday wear?

3. What plant and animal fibres can you name?