II. Answer the questions on the text

1. What is oniomania?

2. How old is the problem of compulsive buying?

3. What are the symptoms of oniomania?

4. Why do some people do excessive purchases?

5. Does the addicted person feel satisfaction and the joy of life after shopping?

6. When does the ailment appear?

7. What kind of adults are more addicted to shoping?

Communication

Discuss the questions and quotations in pairs or groups using the conversational formulas.

1. Who are the famous shopaholics?

2. Is it possible to help the sufferers? In what ways?

3. Have you ever suffered from the compulsive desire to shop?

4. Can you manage your wishes when shopping?

5. I like my money right where I can see it - hanging in my closet.  (From the television show Sex and the City)

6. The quickest way to know a woman is to go shopping with her.  (Marcelene Cox)

Writing

Make up the abstract to the text.

Project work

Surf the Internet. Make up presentations about the famous shopping malls abroad and in your country. Choose the best presentation.

Unit IV. Materials

A. Starting point

• Is there any difference between finished products and materials?

• Can materials be subcategorized?

• Does the quality of materials have an impact on the quality of a finished product?

Working with words

I. Study the table and think of the Russian equivalents

1. Smelter	an industrial plant in which smelting is carried out;
2. Rolling mill	a mill or factory where ingots of heated metal are passed between rollers to produce sheets or bars of a required cross section and form;
3. Forging	the process of producing a metal component by hammering;
4. Flour	a powder, which may be either fine or coarse, prepared by sifting and grinding the meal of a grass, especially wheat.

II. Make up sentences using the words from the table above

Reading

I. Before reading the text fill in the first two columns of the kwl Chart.

II. Read the text using the dictionary. Pay attention to the words in bold. After reading the text fill in the third column of the kwl Chart. Kwl Chart

Know	Want	Learnt

Classification of materials

The term “materials” is generaly accepted as referring to supplies aquired from outside upon which a manufacturing business operates to produce the finished product which passes to the consumer. In many cases the form of the material in its finished state may be quite unrecognisable from that in which it was first received. The manufacturing business converts the material it acquires into something of use to a particular group of consumers; it satisfies a need and the successful fulfilment of the operations will depend upon enough buyers paying a price which in total income will be more than the total costs incurred by the manufacturer – represented by profit.

The form of materials used by manufacturers in the same industry maling similar products may not be the same; it depends upon how much conversion the manufacturer elects to undertake. There will be specialised skills and equipment required in many instances so that the whole sequence of conversion may be broken down, with different businesses undertaking separate requirements. In this way the finished product of one business can become the material of another.

T here are raw materials, partly manufactured parts and bought-out finished items.

Raw materials. Only in the extractive will materials be “raw”, in the sense of virgin materials not previously worked upon. Among such will be cement, iron ore, gravel, gold and diamonds, which are basically extracted and subjected to a series of finished operations.

The term “raw”, however, is generally accepted as referring to any material that has to be further worked upon by a business to become the finished product of that particular business. Thus steel bar will be considered a raw material upon its receipt at an engineering factory, but as the finished product of the rolling mills, who in turn will have received their raw material in the form of a steel billet, the product of the steel smelters.

There are a lot of such examples; flour as the product of the miller can find its way through the distributive channels and be purchased from any retail outlet in that format, or alternatively it becomes a raw material to the baker, confectioner or restaurateur. Cement similarly has alternative routs before becoming part of a finished product.

Partly manufactured parts. This group relates to parts of a product which are received with some of the work having already been performed upon them. The receiving business then has further work to undertake to get them to the finished state required.

This is a half-way stage towards the bought-out finished parts with the receiving company choosing not to undertake all the work needed for various reasons – because they don’t have the right equipment or the correct skills, or because they know they cannot do certain work as cheaply as a specialist, or as a temporary measure when they are full of work and seeking the means of increasing their productivity to take maximum advantage of a period of full orders.

The term “bought-out finished items” includes all items upon which the receiving business is required to do no further work. They are ready for use or for resale as received. The use will cheaply comprise assembly with other parts, similarly bought-out finished, or made in the receiving business.

Such items may be single parts or sub-assemblies which themselves may occasionally comprise the largest portion of the subsequent product. Some businesses don’t undertake any manufacture themselves but confine themselves to assembling items made by others. Some industries, particularly, the motor industry, purchase a large proportion of bought-out finished (BOF) items, so that their total material content can be as high as 70 % - 80% of total cost.

BOF items may be made to the specific requirements of the purchaser. They may represent a standard product acceptable in that form by the purchaser or changed in some way to become acceptable. In a business which specializes in making electric motors they may be prepared to the specific requirements of a customer. The customer may design his own product. It is a matter of technical requirements, quantities and particularly of the cost to the purchaser.

Within this context the potential purchaser of BOF items or partly manufactured parts will himself choose as to whether he should make the item himself or purchase it from someone else. In many cases the decision will be automatic because of the lack of the appropriate equipment, or because of the absence of the required knowledge or skills.