II. Answer the questions on the text

1. How is a package connected with a product to be packaged?

2. What does package design start with?

3. What can prevent package from opening?

4. What kind of requirements may be considered in package development?

5. How can cost be minimized?

6. How many components are there in the waste hierarchy?

7. Why is it necessary to know the relevant regulatory requirements?

Communication

Discuss the questions and quotations in pairs or groups using conversational formulas.

1. Do you pay your attention to packaging when choosing a product?

2. What kind of products should be child resistant?

3. What goals should be met when developing a package?

4. What kind of package draw your attention and speaks about the safe product?

5. Is it possible to sell a product if package is slightly damaged?

6. Will you buy a souvenir if it doesn’t have labelled packaging?

7. “A lot of times when a package says Open Other End, I purposely open the end where it says that” (George Carlin )

Writing

Make up the abstract to the text.

Project work

Choose any kind of product and think of packaging for it which will meet all the requirements and don’t forget about the design. Be ready to represent it to the group.

Unit VI. Storage of materials

A. Starting point

• Are you aware of requirements to storage of materials?

• Is it important to choose the right type of store and location? Why?

• Can you name any factors of choosing the right type of store and location?

Working with words

I. Study the table and think of the Russian equivalents

1. Bulky	very large and massive, especially so as to be unwieldy
2. Crucial	involving a final or supremely important decision or event; decisive; critical
3. Accessible	easy to approach, enter, or use
4. Expenditure	a particular payment of money
5.Scarce	rarely encountered, insufficient to meet the demand

II. Make up sentences using the words from the table above

Reading

I. Before reading the text fill in the first two columns of the kwl Chart.

II. Read the text using the dictionary. Pay attention to the words in bold. After reading the text fill in the third column of the kwl Chart. Kwl Chart

Know	Want	Learnt

Storage of materials and types of store and location

F undamentally storage of materials during the course of their movement should ensure that the correct materials are available when needed. This calls for prior knowledge of ‘what and when it is required’. In situations of large volume manufacture with complex movement cycles, a business will find it necessary to consider both effort and expense in shifting this prior knowledge from work-programmes, volumes, operation sequences and times. The marshalling of this extensive data is frequently an economical field for computer application. At the other end of the scale, in simple manufacturing situations, the prior knowledge may be nothing more than experience of a store-keeper in knowing how much material is required for particular work and how frequently it is needed. Under such circumstances goods are frequently stocked ‘in case of need’.

Storage is most needed at the beginning of the movement cycle and before work begins, chiefly to provide safety valve between suppliers and the manufacturer or consumer functions; this is the area of greatest risk. In addition, it is frequently found necessary to provide storage facilities after the initial issue and during the course of manufacture, because work cycles of individual items are not the same, or there is a time-lag in some processes imposed by scarсe facilities. These storage functions fulfill the role of marshalling areas and may or may not be enclosed within a separate physically secure area, or be controlled by particular documentation. This is a matter for local evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages.

In deciding whether to provide storage, where and in what form, a business should consider priorities of the services required and the cost in setting up and operating them. Factors to be considered are:

1. The nature of the materials. This includes such aspects as whether they are perishable, delicate or vulnerable to damage; whether they are valuable, bulky, and heavy or whether they are liquids with or without particular qualities; and whether the materials are unpleasant in any way, such as dusty or with a strong aroma.

2. Incoming facilities. These are affected in some ways by the nature of the materials, but they also incorporate accessibility to inward communications.

3. The point of usage. The aim is to reduce internal movement as much as possible and materials therefore need to be accessible and as near as possible to the point of usage. The use of decentralized stores may be advantageous to comprise between any conflicting factors of the incoming facilities and the point of usage.

4. The volume of intake and the size of units. The amount of materials to be handled, their rate of arrival and the weight and volume to be handled are of crucial importance. These factors will challenge the accessibility of the site and focus attention on the handling facilities and aids required.

5. T he unit of count and the unit of issue. The form in which the goods are required for issue may be different from the form of their arrival; for instance, issues may call for small quantities of a wide variety in batch lots, but each item may arrive in bulk as purchased.

6. The space available and the space needed. Invariably these factors are in challenge, especially where space is scarce or there are conflicting claims within the business for the space available. This is a matter for careful evaluation as to the most efficient use of the space resources for the business as a whole.

7. Security needs. These may cover a wide range. Security may be required against pilfering because the goods are of general use or valuable. Alternatively, they may be harmful or dangerous.

Here are some examples of these factors in the selection of appropriate facilities and location.

Foodstuffs may require:

• area and height for bulk storage;

• easy access for large delivery transport;

• appropriate handling facilities including speed of feed into process;

• special conditions such as temperature and humidity control.

Explosives may require:

• to be a minimum distance from people and assets;

• rigid security;

• controlled storage conditions;

• constant supervision and rigid control on all movement.