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The article. Артикль.

В английском языке существует три варианта употребления артиклей: неопределённый артикль a / an, определённый артикль the, и нулевой артикль (отсутствие артикля).

Неопределённый артикль - a / an.

Употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе. Если существительное начинается с гласного звука – используется an, если с согласного – a.

1. Для обозначения принадлежности предмета к какому-либо классу предметов. В этом случае значение артикля (а / an) можно перевести как «какой-нибудь», «какой-то, один», «некий»

  • I’ve bought a newspaper.

  • It happened in a small town in Siberia.

Во множественном числе в этом случае употребляют нулевой артикль или some/any/(a)few.

  • He’s bought some newspapers and a magazine.

2. Когда человек или предмет встречаются впервые в данном контексте.

При последующих упоминаниях тех же существительных используется the.

  • I watched a car as it came up our road. The car stopped and a man got out. The man was carrying a case in his hand. With the case the man looked like a salesman.

3. С существительным, когда оно является частью составного именного сказуемого для обозначения принадлежности предмета к определённому классу предметов. Обычно, в таких случаях обозначается профессия или дополнительная характеристика.

  • He is a doctor.

  • She works as a chemist.

  • Anna’s father was an artist.

  • Your brother is a nice man.

  • He’s an only child in the family.

Во множественном числе в этом случае употребляют нулевой артикль.

  • They are students.

  • We work as managers.

  • Our neighbours are generous people.

4. Если существительное употребляется в общем смысле и имеет значение «every» - любой, всякий, каждый

  • A drowning man catches at a straw.

  • A child can understand it.

5. В значении «один» перед исчисляемыми существительными;

- перед существительными, обозначающими время, измерения веса, частоту, цену, валюту, расстояние;

- с целыми и дробными числительными,

  • She had hardly spoken a word since we left the house.

  • A week or two passed.

  • I’ll be back in a minute.

  • It is 70 p a kilo.

  • One hundred cents makes a dollar.

  • The car makes 120 km an hour.

  • I go to the swimming pool twice a week (once a month).

  • A (one) thousand / hundred / billion

  • A (one) half / quarter

6. В значении «одна порция» перед неисчисляемыми существительными, обозначающими продукты

  • I’d like a coffee and an ice-cream, please.

7. В некоторых грамматических конструкциях: It is …,

This is …, There is …,

What a …!

После глаголов: to have, to see, to want, to need и др.

  • It is a book.

  • This is a picture.

  • There is a train on the platform.

  • What a clever man!

What a fine building!

  • She has got a cat.

  • They saw a funny clown.

  • We really need a car.

В тех же конструкциях во множественном числе артикль не употребляется:

  • These are shoes.

  • There are (some/a few) pictures on the wall.

  • What lovely flowers!!

Неисчисляемое существительное «weather» употребляется без артикля в данной конструкции.

  • What nice weather we are having today!

  • They saw funny clowns in the circus.

8. Когда мы говорим о людях, животных или предметах вообще.

  • A cow is a domestic animal.

  • A computer is a modern invention.

Также возможно употребление артикля the в этих же случаях.

  • The cow is a domestic animal.

Во множественном числе в этом случае артикль не употребляется.

  • Cows are domestic animals.

9. Перед существительным в приложении, если не подчёркивается известность лица, к которому оно относится.

  • My friend, a biology teacher, knows a lot about genetics.

В приложении, когда подчёркивается известность лица, к которому оно относится употребляется the:

  • Esenin, the great Russian poet, ….

  • Ivanov, the inventor of this machine, …

10. После слов: such, quite, rather, most (= очень)

В сочетаниях a little, a few

  • She is such a wonderful actress.

  • He is quite a young man.

  • It was rather a difficult job.

  • Let me say a few words about…

11. С названиями некоторых болезней:

- a cold, a headache, a sore throat

- catch (a) cold, have (a/an) backache / earache / stomach-ache / toothache.

  • I feel awful today – I’ve got a temperature and a sore throat.

  • I think you’ve caught a cold.

Если в названии болезни присутствует окончание множественного числа - артикль не ставиться:

measles, mumps, shingles

  • Harry was laid up with measles.

Также без артикля:

(high) blood pressure, flu, gout, arthritis, hepatitis.

  • His Grandma suffers from arthritis.

Определённый артикль - the.

Используется с исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными в единственном и множественном числе.

1. Когда говорящему и слушающему известно, о каком конкретном предмете идёт речь.

  • How did you like the play?

  • Where is the key?

При этом необязательно знать сам предмет – достаточно просто знать о нём.

  • - I can’t speak to the girl. I have never seen her. Won’t you speak to her?

- But I don’t know the girl either.

2. Когда говорящий использует ограничивающее определение, которое выделяет данный предмет из ему подобных.

  • This is the house that Jack built.

  • Show me the letter you received yesterday.

  • The pictures in this magazine are very interesting.

  • The walls of our kitchen are painted light green.

Нельзя путать ограничивающее определение с описательным, которое даёт дополнительную информацию о предмете.

Описательное определение не влияет на выбор артикля.

  • I have a wonderful clock which is 100 years old.

  • We went to the lake which was stormy that day.

  • She’s got an e-mail containing some important information.

3. Если сама ситуация или контекст делают предмет определённым.

  • The wedding looked sad. The bride was too old and the bridegroom was too young.

4. Если существительное обозначает предмет, единственный в своём роде:

the Sun, the Moon, the sky, the equator, the Earth, the Universe, the Galaxy, the Solar system, etc.

  • The Sun was getting warmer.

  • The Earth doesn’t belong to us.

Неопределённый артикль употребляется, когда мы подчёркиваем определённое состояние или внешний вид (для существительных the sun, the moon, the sky)

  • A pearl-white moon smiles through the green trees.

5. Когда существительное употребляется в обобщающем смысле (для обозначения всех предметов данного класса, вида, рода)

* Также возможно употребление артикля a в этих же случаях (см. выше).

  • The tragedy and the comedy appeared in Greece.

  • The pine grows in the North.

  • When was the telephone invented?

В обобщающем смысле с существительным man используется нулевой артикль.

  • His trust in man has been destroyed.

С существительным woman используется либо нулевой артикль, либо определённый артикль the.

  • He has always been interested in that mysterious being – the woman.

6. Если перед существительным стоит:

(a) прилагательное в превосходной степени.

(b) местоимения: same, all;

прилагательные: wrong, right, very, next, following, last, only, whole

(c) порядковое числительное: first, second, third, etc.

  • Moscow has the best underground in the world.

  • The highest mountains are in Asia.

  • The most interesting lecture was the one on endangered species.

  • All the students were present.

  • In five years time I’ll be doing the same job as now.

  • You’re the very person I need.

  • We’ll have more time the following week.

  • I found him in the last carriage of the train.

  • She was the first woman who received a university degree in America.

Если most употребляется в значении «большинство», артикль the не употребляется:

  • Most students failed the exam.

“Next” в значении «будущий, следующий» и “last” в значении «прошлый» употребляются без артикля.

  • Next month we’ll probably go to Tokio.

  • She finally passed her driving test last week.

7. С субстантивированными прилагательными и причастиями: the old, the dead, the rich, the poor, the blind, the sick, the wounded, etc.

  • There are special schools for the blind and deaf.

  • Do you think the rich should pay more taxes?

  • Medical attention was offered to the wounded.

8. Если объект является единственным в данном контексте: the president, the manager, the director, the captain.

  • Paris is the capital of France.

  • The captain was standing on the deck.

  • The president is elected every four years.

9. С титулом без имени собственного:

the Queen, the Prince of Wales, the President, the Prime Minister, etc.

  • The Prime Minister is expected to make a speech at the opening of the new concert hall.

  • This palace is the summer residence of the Queen.

Если за титулом следует имя собственное артикль не употребляется.

  • Queen Elizabeth II

Артикль не употребляется в случаях, когда данные слова являются частью составного сказуемого:

  • He was elected President.

  • She became Queen.

  • They made her Manager.

9. Традиционно со словами: the sun, the sky, the earth, the world, the ground, the equator, the country(side), the mountains, the sea(side), the coast, the beach, the jungle, the city, the village, the weather, the weekend, the cinema, the theatre, the radio, the news, the police, the firebrigade, the army, the post office, the bank, the station, the shop, the doctor, the dentist даже если не имеется в виду конкретный объект.

  • I must go to the bank to change some money.

  • John is not very well. He went to the doctor.

  • We’re spending the weekend in the country (in the mountains / at the seaside)

  • We went to the cinema last night.

  • Do you often go to the theatre.

  • I heard the news on the radio.

  • I went to the shop to buy some food.

Но! television всегда без артикля

  • We watch television.

10. С названиями музыкальных инструментов, танцев.

  • Can you play the guitar?

  • The piano is my favorite instrument.

11. С названиями национальностей :

a) the + -ese / ss

b) the + plural ending:

- ians:

  • ans:

- s:

c) the Danes / the Danish

d) the + ch / sh:

  • the Chinese, the Japanese, the Portuguese, the Swiss

  • the Austrians, the Belgians, the Brazilians, the Egyptians, the Russians

  • the Americans, the Koreans, the Mexicans

  • the Arabs, the Germans, the Greeks, the Poles, the Scots, the Turks

  • the Danes / the Danish, the Spaniards / the Spanish, the Swedes / the Swedish

  • the British, the English, the French, the Irish

Если речь идёт об одном представителе данной национальности, употребляется a / an:

  • A Chinese was hired to answer phone calls.

  • She is an American.

12. Если мы говорим о предметах, единственных в своём роде.

- organizations:

  • ships

  • documents

  • public bodies

  • institutions

  • historical events

  • political parties

  • the press

  • the United Nations

  • the Titanic, the QE2

  • the Constitution

  • the Police,

the Government

  • the Royal Academy of Art

  • the French Revolution,

the Second World War

the Olympic Games

  • the Labour Party

  • the Times,

the Economist

Исключение:

  • Congress, Parliament

  • World War II

13. После слов: one of,

some of, many of, each of, most of;

после слов: all, both

  • Give me one of the books.

  • Some of the mistakes are very stupid.

  • Most of the stories are very interesting.

  • Each of the boys received a free ticket.

  • I’ve looked through all the magazines.

Отсутствие артикля (нулевой артикль)

1. Перед исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе, если существительное употребляется в общем смысле - в значении «вообще все, любые».

  • people

  • animals

  • food

  • places

  • products

  • Women need better pay.

  • Cats don’t like cold weather.

  • Oranges are good for you.

  • Museums are closed on Mondays.

  • CDs aren’t expensive.

Определённый артикль the используется, если надо подчеркнуть специфичность данных предметов.

  • The oranges I like best are grown in Marocco.

- Апельсины, которые я люблю больше всего растут в Марокко.

2. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными в общем смысле – в значении «вообще».

  • food and drinks

  • colours

  • abstract

  • substances

  • activities

  • languages

  • sports

  • games

  • holidays

  • I like butter.

  • Red is my favourite colour.

  • Life is wonderful.

  • Oil is produced in Iraque.

  • Gardening is so boring.

  • English is a world language.

  • My friend is keen on cycling.

  • Russian people celebrate Christmas on January, 7-th.

Определённый артикль the используется, если надо подчеркнуть специфичность данного предмета.

  • He used all the butter that was in the butter dish.

- Он использовал всё масло, которое было в маслёнке.

The употребляется если есть слово “language

  • The Italian language is very beautiful.

3. С именами и фамилиями

(обычно, в большинстве

случаев)

* Смотри также

отдельную таблицу

ниже.

  • Tim Wenders lives in Berlin.

  • This was made by Fassbinder and Son.

Определённый артикль the используется, если надо подчеркнуть специфичность данного человека или места.

  • The Tim Wenders I know lives in Vienna.

- Тот Тим Вендерс,

которого я знаю,

живёт в Вене.

4. Если перед существительным стоит притяжательное местоимение (my, his, their, etc.) или существительное в притяжательном падеже (Alices house), указательное местоимение (this, that, these, those), неопределённые местоимения ( some, any).

  • His story was very exciting.

  • These houses were rebuilt in the last century.

  • There isn’t any cheese in the fridge.

  • Some boys were running in the playground.

Артикли a/an и the с абстрактными существительными и

существительными, обозначающими вещества.

В общем смысле, если идёт речь о веществе или абстрактном понятии как таковом

- no article

При наличии ограничивающего определения, или в конкретной ситуации

- the

Примечания:

Nouns of material:

Butter, food, fruit, tea, honey, wine, snow, sand, hair, etc.

  • Water is necessary for life.

  • I like milk.

  • He was as pale as snow.

  • She was wearing a little hat of black straw.

  • Rosa tasted the wine. It was good.

  • The coffee she made was very hot.

  • The water in this well is very cold.

  • They looked with hungry eyes at the bread and cheese he brought them.

1. Если речь идёт об одной порции вещества или продукта; или если существительное обозначает предмет, изготовленный из определённого материала, перед существительным ставиться a / an.

  • He drank a brandy and went out.

  • I’ll buy you an ice-cream.

  • There was a tin of sardines on the table.

2. Когда мы говорим о неопределённой части какого-либо вещества, используются some / any.

  • We bought some bread and cheese.

Abstract nouns:

Anger, advice, beauty, curiosity, crime, freedom, information, happiness, love, life, modesty, money, music, pride, patience, respect, time, work, satisfaction, strength, weather, etc.

  • While there is life there is hope.

  • What fine weather we’re having!

  • They walked in silence along the path.

  • Money makes the world go round.

  • Marriage and family life are the basis of society.

  • Last night I heard “Carmen” and enjoyed the music.

  • We enjoyed the stillness of the air.

  • He was in a state of the greatest excitement.

  • He lost all the money he had on horse races.

  • The information we were given wasn’t correct.

1. a/ an используется с неисчисляемыми абстрактными существительными, если перед ними стоит описательное определение, которое подчёркивает некое свойство.

  • A dull anger rose in his chest.

  • She had a natural grace which was very attractive.

  • There was a wonderful happiness everywhere.

Использование артикля с именами собственными:

С географическими названиями.

Geographical names

no article

the

Notes:

1. Countries,

States,

Cities / towns,

Villages.

Как правило:

Germany

Colorado

Normandy

Oxfordshire

Athens

(a) Перед названиями стран, если в названии присутствуют слова: state(s), union, federation, republic, kingdom; или если в названии страны есть множественное число (-s):

the United

Kingdom

the Russian

Federation

the United States

the Netherlands

(b) Если есть ограничивающее определение:

  • Gone is the Moscow of the aristocrats.

  • The Prague she was born in has changed a lot.

  • In his books W. Scott described the England of the Middle Ages.

Но:

the Hague

the Sudan

the Vatican

2. Oceans,

rivers,

seas,

canals,

gulfs,

straits

Всегда с определён-ным артиклем:

the Pacific

the Sargasso Sea

the Neva

the Suez Canal

the Gulf of Mexico

the Magellan Strait

3. Lakes

- если есть слово

lake:

Lake Ontario

Lake Baikal

- если нет слова

lake:

the Ontario

the Baikal

4. Mountains

- отдельные горные

вершины:

Elbrus

Everest

Mont Blanc

- горные цепи:

the Urals

the Alps

the Himalayas

the Caucasus

the Balkans

5. Islands

- отдельные

острова:

Madagascar

Corfu

Sicily

- группы островов:

the Bermudas

the British Isles

the Bahamas

6. Regions and

parts of the world

Latin America

Central Asia

Western Canada

Southern Spain

Но:

the Middle East

the Far East

the Arctic / Antarctic

the Crimea

the Carribbean

the north of Russia

the south of France

the South / West /

North / East

7. Continents

Africa

Asia

Europe

8. Deserts

the Sahara

the Gobi

9. Streets, parks,

addresses, squares,

bridges, stations

Как правило:

Bond Street

Park Road

Broadway

Forest Avenue

Central Park

Hyde Park

George Square

Red Square

Piccadilly Circus

Tower Bridge

King’s Cross Station

Victoria Station

Но:

the High Street

the Strand

the Mall

the A 11

the M 4 motorway

the Forth Bridge

the Golden Gate

Bridge

10. Buildings,

Museums and

galleries,

Theatres and

cinemas,

Universities,

Hospitals,

Airports, etc.

Famous sights

Churches and

cathedrals

Organizations,

companies,

airlines

Если в названии из двух слов, первое слово – имя человека или название местности, артикль не употребляется:

Madam Tussaud’s

Museum

Edinburgh Castle

Westminster Abbey

Buckhingham

Palace

Oxford (Moscow)

University

St. Mark’s Hospital

Glasgow Airport

New York harbor

London Zoo

Как правило, без артикля:

St Paul’s Cathedral

St Andrew’s Church

Canterbury

Cathedral

Как правило, без артикля:

Congress

Parliament

British Airways

British Telecom

Cambridge University

Press

Fiat

Sony

Kodak

IBM

В остальных случаях, как правило - the:

the National Gallery

the City Museum

the Science Museum

the Theatre Royal

the Globe Theatre

the Odeon Cinema

the White House

the Festival Hall

the Empire State

Building

Как правило, с артиклем the:

the Great Pyramids

the Eiffel Tower

the Acropolis

the Kremlin

Но:

the European Union

the BBC

the United Nations

Если в названии есть предлог of, употребляется the:

the Museum of

Modern Art

the Tower of London

the Bank of England

the Houses of

Parliament

the University of

London

the Statue of Liberty

the Great Wall of

China

11. Pubs, shops,

restaurants,

banks, hotels

Если в названии есть имя основателя этого заведения и окончания - s / -ss артикль не употребляется:

Lloyds Bank

McDonalds

Harrods (shop)

Jack’s Guest House

Tom’s Cafe

the Station Hotel

the Hilton Hotel

the Red Lion (pub)

С именами и фамилиями людей.

no article

the

a/an

1. Names of persons

(а) как правило

артикль не

ставиться:

  • There was a letter from Susan inviting me to a party.

(b) если перед

именем стоит

прилагательное:

old, young, little, dear, poor, honest:

  • Young Jolyon was standing by the piano.

  • She is a widow of poor George.

(а) перед фамилией,

чтобы обозначить

всю семью:

  • He is very different from the rest of the Kents.

(b) если есть

уточняющее

определение,

которое относится к

имени или фамилии:

  • She was no more the Julia of the first years of their marriage.

(а) чтобы обозначить принадлежность к семье: (= «один из»)

  • We have often wondered if Tom was really a Burton.

(b) когда имя

употребляется

как нарицательное:

  • She felt like an Alice in Wonderland.

  • Why, you are quite a Monte Cristo.

(с) если перед

именем стоит

прилагательное

certain:

  • I heard it from a certain Miss Green.

2. Nouns of

relationship

(а) в сочетании с именем собственным:

Uncle Jolyon

Aunt Polly

(в) в качестве обращения или в речи членов этой семьи:

  • He went into the hall: “Is Mother back?”

(а) если говориться о родственных отношениях других людей:

  • The son was as clever as the father.

(в) в сочетаниях с предлогом of:

  • Lomonosov was the son of a fisherman.

  • Becky was the daughter of an artist.

3. Nouns that denote

ranks, titles,

professions

and are followed by

a proper name

academician Pavlov

professor Bergman

doctor Lightman

Lord F. L. Spenser

Sir Owen Tudor

colonel Parker

Mr / Mrs Cartwright

Особые случаи использования артиклей.

The nouns

Как правило, в общем смысле:

no article

Если речь идёт об определён-ном, известном предмете; если есть уточняю-щее или огра-ничивающее определение:

the

Если перед существитель-ным стоит описательное определение:

a

С некоторы-ми прилага-тельными и наречиями

В устойчивых выражениях

1. The names of months and days (May, Monday)

May is a

spring month.

I met her on

Monday.

We’ll always remember the May of 1945.

She came on the Friday when David was born.

A cold May is a usual thing in St. Petersburg.

2. The names of seasons (summer, winter)

I like winter.

It was

summer

when we first

came here.

It happened in the spring of 1968.

It was a beautiful spring.

no article

early / late

spring (winter, summer)

3. Nouns:

day, night, morning, evening, afternoon

Day is meant

for work,

night for

sleep.

It was

evening.

He’ll never forget the day when he met her.

The night was warm and beautiful.

I spent a sleepless night.

no article

early / late

morning (afternoon, evening)

- by day (night),

- at night (noon),

- from morning till

night,

- in the morning (evening, afternoon)

4. The names of languages (French, German, English)

She knows

French well.

The English of America differs from the English of the Great Britain.

What is the English for?

the English language

5. The names of meals (lunch, dinner, tea)

Did you have

dinner?

Lunch is

ready.

The dinner you cooked today was very delicious.

The lunch was a success.

After a heavy breakfast we started for…

- to have breakfast (lunch, dinner, tea, coffee)

6. The means of transport

- by bus (car, plane, train)

- in the car

- on the/a bus (train,

plane)

The nouns

Когда существительное теряет свое конкретное значение и обозначает цель, для которой оно существует -

no article

Когда существительное обозначает конкретный объект, артикль ставиться в соответствии с общими правилами.

School,

college, university

to be at school / college / university

to go to school / college / university

(ходить учиться в школу \ колледж)

to leave school / college

(закончить школу \ колледж)

  • After I left school I went to university (as a student).

  • Why aren’t the children at school today? (as pupils)

to go to the school

(the building is meant)

to leave the school

(to leave the building)

  • Mrs Kelly went to the school to meet her son’s teacher.

  • Excuse me, where is the university, please?

Church

in church / to church / at church

  • Mr Kelly goes to church on Sundays (for a religious service)

  • The church was built in the 17-th century.

  • There is a church in the village.

Prison / jail

to be in prison

to be send to prison / jail

to be put in prison

  • Ken’s brother is in prison for robbery.

  • Fred robbed a bank but he was caught and sent to prison.

  • Ken went to the prison to visit his brother.

  • They lived near a prison.

Bed

to go to bed

to be in bed

to stay in bed

  • It’s time to go to bed.

  • Is Jack still in bed?

  • Her portrait was on the wall beside the bed.

  • There is a table, six chairs and a bed in the room.

Work

to go to work

to be at work

to start work

to finish work

  • Why isn’t Ann at work today?

  • I like the work I’m doing now.

  • A new work of modern art

  • The works of Shakespeare

( products of the intellect or

imagination)

Home

to go home

to come home

to be at home

to stay at home / to feel at home

  • Will you be at home tonight?

  • Let’s go home.

Institution or place:

an orphans home

a nursing home

a maternity home

Place where an animal or a

plant is native:

the home of the tiger

Town

  • You can’t go to town tomorrow.

  • What are you going to do in town?

  • He spent twenty years in town, he is not used to country life.

  • I want to go to the town I was born in.

  • Would you rather live in a town or in the country.

  • The whole town was talking about it.

Hospital

to go to hospital

to be in hospital

  • Jack had an accident. He had to go to hospital. He is still in hospital now.

  • When Jessy was ill we went to the hospital to visit her.

(as visitors we mean a particular hospital)

Использование артиклей в устойчивых выражениях.

a

A great many of … (with countable nouns) - много

A great deal of … (with uncountable nouns) - много

At a glance - сразу, с первого взгляда

As a result - в результате

At a speed of - со скоростью

A few - несколько

A little - немного

A lot of - много

A number of - несколько, ряд

As a matter of fact - на самом деле

In a low voice / loud voice - тихо \ громко

It’s a pity - жаль

It’s a shame - стыдно

It’s a pleasure - приятно

For a short time - на короткое время

To have a good time - хорошо провести время

To be at a loss - быть в растерянности (недоумении)

To tell a lie - говорить неправду

To take a seat - садиться, сесть

To go for a walk - пойти прогуляться

To have a cold / headache - простудиться \ болит голова

To have a mind to do smth - иметь желание что-то сделать

To fly into a passion - прийти в бешенство

To fly into a fury (rage) - прийти в ярость

To be in a hurry - торопиться, спешить

To take a fancy to smb - проникнуться симпатией, почувствовать

расположение

the

At the top (bottom) of - внизу (вверху)

Its out of the question - об этом и речи быть не может

In the original - в оригинале

In the country - за городом

In the morning / evening / afternoon - утром \ вечером \ после обеда

On the left / right - слева \ справа

On the one hand - с одной стороны

On the other hand - с другой стороны

On the whole - в целом

The other day - на днях

The day after tomorrow - послезавтра

The day before yesterday - позавчера

To tell the truth - говорить правду

To be on the safe side - для верности

To run the risk - рисковать

To take the trouble to do smth - потрудиться, чтобы сделать что-либо

To play the piano / the violin / the harp - играть на пианино (скрипке, арфе)

To keep the bed - соблюдать постельный режим

To keep the house - содержать дом, вести хозяйство

What’s the time? - Который час?

no

article

All day long / all year round - весь день \ весь год

At dinner / breakfast / lunch / supper - за обедом \ завтраком \ ланчем \ ужином

At heart - в глубине души

At sunrise (at dawn) - на рассвете

At sunset - на закате

At work - за работой

At first sight - с первого взгляда

At present - в настоящее время

At war / peace - в состоянии войны \ в мирное время, в мире

By chance - случайно

By mistake - по ошибке

By land / by sea / by air - сушей \ морем \ по воздуху

By tram / bus / train / boat - трамваем \ автобусом \ поездом \ на лодке

By name - по имени

By heart - наизусть

By post / e-mail - по почте \ по электронной почте

For hours - часами

For ages - целую вечность

For sale - на продажу

From morning till night - с утра до вечера

From head to foot - с головы до ног

From beginning to end - с начала до конца

From time to time - время от времени

In front of - напротив

In fact - в действительности

In conclusion - в заключение

In debt - в долгу

In time - вовремя

On deck - на палубе

On board - на борту

On horseback - верхом на лошади

On sale - в продаже

Оn time - точно по расписанию

Out of doors - на дворе, на улице, вне дома

To take offence - обижаться

To take to heart - принимать близко к сердцу

To lose heart - терять мужество

To come home - приходить домой

To go to sea - стать моряком, выходить в море

To be at sea - быть в море

To give (to get, to ask) permission - дать (получить, попросить) разрешение

To play football / hockey / tennis - играть в футбол \ хоккей \ теннис

To go home / to school / to work / to town - идти домой \ в школу \ на работу \

ехать в город

Exercise 1. Put in a/an, some/any or no article .

1. What’s this? It’s ____ juice.

2. What’s this? It’s ____ passport.

3. What’s this? It’s ____ chocolate.

4. What’s this? It’s ____ bar of chocolate.

5. What ____ good children!

6. What ____ strange answer!

7. What ____ nasty weather!

8. What ____ wonderful news!

9. What ____ lovely picture!

10. What ____ ancient books!

11. What ____ useful information!

12. She has got ____ dog and I’ve got _____ two parrots.

13. They’ve got ____ very old house in the countryside.

14. I think they need ____ good babysitter.

15. We saw ____ unusual animal in the Zoo.

16. I don’t want ____ trouble with your boss.

17. Her ____ hair is long and fair.

18. He is ____ artist. He is ____ very good artist.

19. This is ____ computer and that is ____ printer.

20. This is ____ table and those are ____ chairs.

21. There were ____ five chairs and ____ sofa in the room.

22. There is ____ man waiting in the hall.

23. There was ____ money in my purse.

24. I need ____ advice from your mother.

25. No ___ news is ____ good news.

26. He was ___ lawyer by ____ profession.

Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences changing the underlined words from the singular to the

plural and from the plural to the singular. Make other necessary changes.

Example: There is a bridge over the river.

There are bridges over the river.

1. There are cigarettes in that box.

_______________________________________

2. Is there a plate on the table?

_______________________________________

3. There was a cake on the plate.

_______________________________________

4. Are there desks in those classrooms?

_______________________________________

5. What a hard-working student he is!

_______________________________________

6. There is a glass on the tray.

_______________________________________

7. She is a smart girl.

_______________________________________

8. They are students and we are laboratory assistants.

__________________________________________

9. He is a school-boy and she is a school-girl.

__________________________________________

10. Do you have pencils?

__________________________________________

11. I don’t have colour pens.

__________________________________________

12. There is a stamp on the envelope.

__________________________________________

13. Were there empty boxes in the corner?

__________________________________________

14. She has got a flower in her hand.

__________________________________________

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

What are these things?

Example: an ant? It’s an insect.

ants, bees? They’re insects.

1. a cabbage? ___________________________________

2. chess? ___________________________________

3. a violin, a flute, a piano? ___________________________________

4. a skyscraper? ___________________________________

5. Earth, Mars, Venus, Jupiter? ___________________________________

6. a tulip, a daffodil, a rose? ___________________________________

7. the Amason? ___________________________________

8. a pigeon, an eagle, a crow? ___________________________________

9. an elephant? ___________________________________

10. a banana, an orange, grapes? ___________________________________

Who were these people?

Example: Beethoven? He was a composer.

1. Shakespeare, Pushkin? ___________________________________

2. Albert Einstein? ___________________________________

3. A. Lincoln, J. Kennedy, V. Putin? ___________________________________

4. Marilyn Monroe? ___________________________________

5. Elvis Presley, John Lennon? ___________________________________

6. Van Gogh, Renoir, I.Repin? ___________________________________

7. Y. Gagarin? ___________________________________

8. S. Spielberg? ___________________________________

Exercise 4. Read about what these people do and say what their jobs are. Choose one of

these jobs:

driving instructor interpreter journalist nurse pilot

travel agent plumber waiter

Example: Stella looks after patients in hospital. She’s a nurse.

1. George works in a restaurant. He brings the food to the tables. He _____________________.

2. Mary arranges people’s holidays for them. She ____________________________________.

3. Ron works for an airline. He flies planes. He ______________________________________.

4. Linda teaches people how to drive. _____________________________________________.

5. Dave fits and repairs water pipes. ______________________________________________.

6. Jenny writes articles for a newspaper. ___________________________________________.

7. John translates what people are saying from one language to another, so that they can

understand each other. _______________________________________________________.

Exercise 5. Put in a / an, or no article.

1. He bought ____ expensive car.

2. They are short of ____ money and cannot buy ____ dog for their child.

3. I don’t think I’ll go to ____ work tomorrow.

4. He had ____ heart attack.

5. He likes ____ modern furniture and his wife prefers ____ ancient furniture.

6. We had ____ fine weather in England.

7. She always gives ____ advice on how to survive.

8. This film is making ____ lot of money in America.

9. I usually have _____ breakfast at 8.

10. We found ____ kitten in the street and brought it home.

11. “Would you like ____ cup of ____ tea?” “Oh, yes and can I have ____ ice-cream?”

12. He met ____ nice girl at the night club. She was ____ wonderful dancer. She had ____

blond hair.

Exercise 6. Put in a / an or some where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the

space empty ( - ).

Example: I’ve seen some good films recently.

What’s wrong with you? Have you got a headache?

I know a lot of people. Most of them are (-) students.

1. When I was ____ child, I used to be very shy.

2. Would you like to be ____ actor?

3. Do you collect ____ stamps?

4. What ____ beautiful garden!

5. ____ birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.

6. I’ve been walking for three hours. I’ve got _____ sore feet.

7. I don’t feel very well this morning. I’ve got _____ sore throat.

8. It’s a pity we haven’t got ____ camera. I’d like to take _____ photographs of that house.

9. Those are _____ nice shoes. Where did you get them?

10. You need _____ visa to visit _____ countries, but not all of them.

11. Jane is ____ teacher. Her parents were _____ teachers too.

12. Do you enjoy going to _____ concerts?

13. I don’t believe him. He’s ____ liar.

14. In the living room there are ____ armchairs and ____ sofa.

Exercise 7. Put in the where necessary. If you don’t need the, leave the space empty ( - ).

1. I haven’t been to _____ cinema for ages.

2. I lay down on ____ ground and looked up at _____ sky.

3. Sheila spends most of her free time watching ______ television.

4. ______ television was on but nobody was watching it.

5. Have you had _____ dinner yet?

6. Mary and I arrived at ______ same time.

7. You’ll find _____ information you need at _____ top of _____ page 37.

8. Peru is a country in South America. _____ capital is Lima.

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using the following words with or without the.

(the) basketball (the) questions (the) history (the) hotels (the) meat (the) lies

(the) information (the) patience (the) people (the) water (the) grass (the) spiders

1. My favourite sport is basketball.

2. The information we were given wasn’t correct.

3. Many people are afraid of ____________________.

4. A vegetarian is somebody who doesn’t eat _________________.

5. The test wasn’t very difficult. I answered all _________________ without difficulty.

6. Do you know ________________ who live next door?

7. ____________________ is the study of the past.

8. George always tells the truth. He never tells _________________.

9. We couldn’t find anywhere to stay in the town. All ________________ were full.

10. ___________________ in the pool didn’t look very clean, so we didn’t go for a swim.

11. Don’t sit on ________________ . It’s wet after the rain.

12. You need __________________ to teach young children.

Exercise 9. Choose the correct form with or without the .

Example: I’m afraid of dogs / the dogs. (“dogs” is correct)

Can you pass salt / the salt. (“the salt” is correct)

1. Pineapples / The pineapples are good for you.

2. Look at cherries / the cherries on that tree! They are very big.

3. I don’t drink coffee / the coffee. I don’t like it.

4. We had a very nice meal. Pizza / The pizza was especially good.

5. Life / The life is strange sometimes. Some very strange things happen.

6. Who are people / the people in this photograph?

7. What makes people / the people violent? What causes aggression / the aggression?

8. All books / All the books on the top shelf belong to my brother.

9. Don’t stay in that hotel. It’s very noisy and beds / the beds are very uncomfortable.

10. One of our biggest social problems is unemployment / the unemployment.

11. Tom and Nina got married but marriage / the marriage didn’t last very long.

12. Most people / The most people believe that marriage / the marriage and family life / the

family life are the basis of society / the society.

Exercise 10. Put in a / an or the.

1. This morning I bought ____ newspaper and ____ magazine. _____ newspaper is in my bag

but I don’t know where I put _____ magazine.

2. I saw _____ accident this afternoon. ____ car crashed into ____ tree. ____ driver of _____

car wasn’t hurt but _____ car was badly damaged.

3. There are two cars parked outside: ____ blue one and ____ grey one. _____ blue one

belongs to my neighbours but I don’t know who _____ owner of _____ grey one is.

4. My friends live in _____ old house in _____ small village. There’s _____ beautiful garden

behind _____ house. I’d like to have _____ garden like that.

5. Would you like ____ apple?

6. How often do you go to ____ dentist?

7. Could you close ____ door, please?

8. I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to do that. It was ____ mistake.

9. Excuse me, where is ____ bus station, please?

10. I’ve got _____ problem. Can you help me?

11. There were no chairs in ____ room, so we had to sit on ____ floor.

12. Have you finished with _____ book I lent you?

13. My sister has just got _____ job in _____ bank in Manchester.

14. We live in ____ small flat near _____ city centre.

15. There’s _____ small supermarket at _____ end of _____ street I live in.

Exercise 11. Put in a / an or the.

1. a) This house is very nice. Has it got _____ garden?

b) It’s a beautiful day. Let’s sit in _____ garden.

c) I like living in this house but it’s a pity that _____ garden is so small.

2. a) Can you recommend ____ good restaurant?

b) We had dinner in _____ very nice restaurant.

c) We had dinner in _____ most expensive restaurant in town.

3. a) She has _____ French name but in fact she’s English, not French.

b) What’s ____ name of that man we met yesterday?

c) We stayed at a very nice hotel – I can’t remember ____ name now.

4. a) There isn’t ____ airport near where I live. _____ nearest airport is 70 miles away.

b) Our plane was delayed. We had to wait at ____ airport for three hours.

c) Excuse me please. Can you tell me how to get to _____ airport?

5. a) “Are you going away next week?” “No, _____ week after next.”

b) I’m going away for ____ week in September.

c) George has a part-time job. He works three mornings _____ week.

Exercise 12. Write answers to the questions.

Example: How much are these apples? - They’re 90 p a kilo.

What speed is he driving? - 100 km an hour.

1. How often do you take these pills? (once / day)

___________________________________________

2. How much does it cost to rent a flat in your town? (13000 rubles / month)

___________________________________________

3. How often do you go away on holiday? (twice / year)

___________________________________________

4. How much sleep do you need? (7 hours / day)

___________________________________________

5. How much does she work? (6 days / week)

___________________________________________

6. What is the speed limit here? (40 km / hour)

___________________________________________

7. How often do you go out with friends? (three or four times / month)

___________________________________________

Exercise 13. Put in the right article where necessary.

1. I’m going to bed. I’ve got _____ headache.

2. I was awake all night with _____ toothache.

3. I think Kate has got _____ flu.

4. The children are in bed with ____ mumps.

5. Don’t come near me. I’ve got ____ sore throat.

6. ____ measles can be very unpleasant.

7. She often suffers from ____ high blood pressure.

8. Put on some warm clothes – you may catch ____ cold in the wind.

Exercise 14. Put in the or a where necessary. If the sentence is already complete leave

an empty space (-).

1. When was ____ telephone invented?

2. Can you play _____ musical instrument?

3. Paul plays _____ trumpet in an orchestra.

4. There was _____ piano in the corner of the room.

5. Can you play _____ piano?

6. Our society is based on ____ family.

7. Margaret comes from _____ large family.

8. When was _____ paper first made?

9. _____ computer has changed the way we live.

Exercise 15. Complete the sentences using the + one of the following adjectives.

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