
- •2012 Т.В. Шумило English for biologists
- •Предисловие
- •Unit 1. The science of biology.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 2. Cells as biological units.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 3. Cell structure.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 4. Cell division.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Fig. 2 Diagram of mitosis of a living cell Unit 5. Tissues and organ systems.
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- •Unit 6. Botany.
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- •Unit 7. Plant Kingdom.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 8. Plant structure.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 9. Photosynthesis.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 10. Zoology.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 11. Protozoa.
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- •Unit 12. Insects.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 13. Amphibians.
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- •Unit 14. Reptiles.
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 15. Mammals.
- •Nourish ['nʌrɪʃ]
- •Post-reading tasks:
- •Unit 16. Anatomy.
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- •Unit 17. Skeleton and muscles.
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- •Unit 18. The circulatory system. Respiration.
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- •Unit 19. The nervous system. The brain.
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- •Unit 20. The digestive system. Foods.
- •Post-reading tasks:
Post-reading tasks:
Task 1. Answer the following questions.
Is reproduction an inherent property of the living cell?
How many cells are obtained in the result of the reproduction?
Are the newly obtained cells identical or different from the maternal ones?
What processes does the cell go through while dividing?
When does the cell division begin?
What does the process of division begin with?
What do scientists call the first stage of division?
In what way do the chromosomes arrange themselves in the second stage of division?
When does the final separation of the chromosomes take place?
What happens to the chromosomes at the final stage of division?
What factors influence the dividing cells?
What cells have lost the capacity to divide?
Task 2. Say if the following statements are correct. If not, give the right variant.
The vitally important process of cell division occurs neither through karyokinesis nor through mitosis.
Division of a cell begins after interkinesis or interphase.
In the second stage called the metaphase the chromosomes arrange themselves in the equatorial plane of the cell in the form of a cube.
At the third stage the space between the chromosomes becomes greater and greater.
Daughter cell is smaller than the maternal one.
The older the tissue the more frequently the cells divide.
Mitotic activity does not depend on the nature of the tissue and on its physiological condition.
During division cells are not very sensitive to various environmental influences.
The optimal temperature for human cell division is 37° C.
Blood cells have lost the capacity to divide.
Task 3. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
daughter cells |
hereditary traits |
divide |
plants |
tissue |
temperature |
blood cells |
elements |
manufacture |
mitosis |
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other … compose protein.
The scientists transmitted the … to the new generation of plants.
Mitotic activities depend on the nature of the … and on its physiological condition.
The cellular wall is the main and principal feature distinguishing the cells of … from those of animals.
The … grow to the size approximately that of the parent cell.
The … of a frog are larger than the blood cells of a man.
Some highly differentiated cells have lost the capacity to … .
Many chemical reactions in an organism go on more rapidly, the higher the … .
You can’t observe … in many tissues.
Green plants … organic food.
TRANSLATION: Translate the sentences into English.
Митоз – основной способ деления эукариотических клеток. Митоз - это деление ядра, которое приводит к образованию двух дочерних ядер, в каждом из которых имеется точно такой же набор хромосом, что и в родительском ядре.
В митозе выделяют профазу, метафазу, анафазу и телофазу. В профазе происходит укорочение и утолщение хромосом вследствие их спирализации. Одновременно со спирализацией хромосом исчезает ядрышко и распадается ядерная оболочка. После распада ядерной оболочки хромосомы свободно и беспорядочно лежат в цитоплазме. В профазе центриоли (в тех клетках, где они есть) расходятся к полюсам клетки. В конце профазы начинает образовываться веретено деления. В метафазе завершается образование веретена деления. Хромосомы образуют метафазную пластинку. В анафазе дочерние хромосомы растягиваются к полюсам клетки. В телофазе происходят процессы, обратные тем, которые наблюдаются в профазе: начинается раскручивание хромосом. Вокруг хромосом у каждого полюса из мембранных структур цитоплазмы формируется ядерная оболочка, в ядрах возникают ядрышки. Разрушается веретено деления. На стадии телофазы происходит разделение цитоплазмы с образованием двух клеток.
SPEAKING: Using fig. 2 describe the process of cell division.
1-2 – interphase; 3-4 – prophase; 5 – metaphase; 6 – anaphase; 7 – telophase.