Post-reading tasks:

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is digestion?

2. What happens when we chew?

3. Where does food get after swallowing?

4. How is the upper region of the stomach called?

5. Where is the fundus?

6. What absorbs useful substances?

7. What are the main kinds of food?

8. Why are carbohydrates necessary?

9. Where is fat concentrated?

10. Why are minerals necessary?

Task 2. Say if the following statements are correct. If not, give the right variant.

1. Food is broken down by acid.

2. The stomach is a thin muscular sac positioned on the right side of the body.

3. The pyloric region connects the stomach to the large intestine.

4. Gastric juice is a mixture of hydrochloric acid and proteins.

5. In the small intestine food is broken up into waste substances.

6. Waste substances pass into the large intestine and are later expelled from the rectum.

7. Foods can be divided into inorganic and organic types.

8. Proteins are found mainly in the liver, muscles and blood.

9. Minerals needed in very small amounts for various functions of the body are essential.

10. Vitamins are necessary for the growth, development and general health of the body.

Task 3. Match the first half of a sentence in column A with the appropriate second half in column B.

A	B
1. Every cell of the human body	a) a thick muscular sac positioned on the left side of the body just beneath the ribs.
2. When we chew,	b) carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
3. The stomach is	c) requires certain chemical nutrients.
4. The wall of the stomach	d) form part of the bones and teeth.
5. Inside the small intestine	e) known as the chief source of energy.
6. Organic foods include	f) is made up of three thick layers of muscle.
7. Fat is concentrated in the fat cells	g) throughout each day by the type of breakfast you eat.
8. Carbohydrates are	h) our teeth break up the food into small pieces for swallowing.
9. High levels of calcium and phosphorus	i) under the skin and around the intestines.
10. You determine how you feel	j) villi absorb the useful substances into the bloodstream.

Task 4. Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

stomach	chewed	food	energy
rectum	liver	mouth	small intestine
waste	saliva	large intestine	digestion
system	swallow	tongue	pharynx
acid	absorbed	liquids	esophagus

All animals need to eat 1)_________ to get 2)_________ to live. But in order to use this food, they have to break it down in a process called 3)______. And so, all animals have a group of connected organs called the digestive 4)________.

In humans, the process of digestion begins in the 5)________ where food is 6)_______ into small pieces by the teeth. The 7)_______ helps by moving these pieces around. These pieces are covered by 8)________, or spit. The saliva makes the food slippery so that it is easier to 9)_______. It also helps to break down the food.

Once the food is swallowed, it passes through the 10)________ which is like a gate that sends food into the 11)_____ and air into the lungs. The food travels down the esophagus and into the 12)_____. Once in the stomach the food is mixed with 13)_______ and crushed some more.

After spending some time in the stomach, the food is sent into the 14)__________ where nutrients are 15)________. The 16)________ helps by producing some digestive juices called bile. Next, the remaining food goes into the 17)_________ where the 18)_______ are absorbed. The remaining food is called 19)____ and it is pushed into the 20)______ where it waits before leaving the body.

TRANSLATION: Translate the sentences into English.

1. Чтобы жить, человеку нужна пища.

2. Белки, жиры и углеводы – три основных вида пищи.

3. Пищеварение начинается, когда пища попадает в рот.

4. Ферменты преобразуют пищу в легко поглощаемые вещества.

5. Желудок представляет собой толстый мышечный мешок, расположенный с лево стороны, ниже ребер.

6. Сокращения желудочных мышц расщепляют пищу и смешивают ее с желудочным соком.

7. Отходы выводятся из тела человека через прямую кишку.

8. Основное назначение пищи — быть источником энергии и «строительного материала» для организма.

9. Пища, попадая в желудок, смешивается с желудочным соком, активными компонентами которого является соляная кислота и пищеварительные ферменты.

10. После прохождения тонкого кишечника пища попадает в толстую кишку, где происходит всасывание воды и некоторых питательных веществ, таких как витамины.

SPEAKING: Imagine that you are making the speech on the topic “Nutrition”.

WRITING: Write an essay about the digestive system.

SOURCES:

1. Ботаника: Читаем и обсуждаем: Учеб.-метод. Пособие для студентов II курса биол. фак./ Т.А. Богомолова, А.Э. Черенда, Л.В. Шиманская и др. – Мн.: БГУ, 2004. – 56 с.

2. Кулагина Ж.Д. Introduction to biology: учебное пособие для студентов спец. «Биология», Воронеж: Изд-во Воронежского ун-та, 2005. – 23 c.

3. Сологуб Л.И. Zoology in English: учебное пособие для студентов II курса спец. «Биология». Самара: Изд-во «Самарский университет», 2003. – 74 с.

4. Вельштейн А.М. Пособие по английскому языку для студентов факультетов биологического и почвоведения / МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, Фак.иностр.яз. МГУ.–М.: Изд-во Моск.ун-та, 1992.–93 с.

5. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/label/biology.shtml

6. http://esl.about.com

7. http://www.rong-chang.com/esp.htm

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