Раздел 5

Грамматика: времена Past Simple и Past Continuous (см. Грамматический справочник).

Лексика: лексика по теме (см. Словарь).

Для самостоятельного изучения: а) неправильные глаголы; оборот used to; порядковые числительные; модальный глагол must и его эквиваленты have to, to be to; придаточные предложения, союзы и союзные слова; b) словообразование: префиксы для обозначения антонимов.

Text: A Short History of International Trade

Trade is as old as history itself. In the beginning, people exchanged goods such as food and clothes. Later, they began to use money for buying and selling. But international trade only became important in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when many modern countries started to exist.

In the seventeenth century, most governments had a very simple idea of trade. They wanted to sell as much as possible to other countries; at the same time the wanted to buy as little as possible from other countries. This was called mercantilism, and it helped successful countries to become rich.

In the eighteenth century, economists began to see disadvantages with mercantilism. Countries were not working together, because each was trying to sell more than it bought. The Great Depression of the 1930s worsened the situation.

Many countries felt that they needed to make trade agreements, and in 1947 twenty-three countries made an agreement called GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). This made it easier and cheaper for countries to buy and sell goods. GATT played a very important role in the development of world trade for fifty years. In 1995, GATT became WTO (World Trade Organization). It has more powers to solve disagreements between countries.

Though some people are worried about the WTO, saying that it has too much power and that it often acts against the environment, there are certain advantages to it. Firstly, all countries have to follow the same trade rules; countries can make one agreement instead of a lot different ones. Secondly, cheaper trade means cheaper goods in the shops. Finally, it helps to keep peace!

Тренировочные задания:

1) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа в соответствии с текстом (например, 1а):

1. When did trade appear?

a. It exists as long as people’s relations.

b. It appeared with the international trade.

c. It started to exist with the creation of WTO.

2. Mercantilism was the situation, in which every country was trying to ……….

a. sell and buy as much as possible.

b. make export greater than import.

c. buy more than to sell.

3. Did countries want to change the situation with international trade in the beginning of the twentieth century?

a. No, they didn’t.

b. Yes, but a little, because many countries liked the existed situation.

c. Yes, they did.

4. Did GATT help the international trade?

a. Yes, profoundly.

b. No, it made the situation even worse.

c. Yes, but a little.

5. What year did GATT turned into WTO?

a. In 1995.

b. In 1947.

c. In 1930.

6. What is the role of WTO?

a. It acts against the environment.

b. It helps the countries to trade easier and solves disagreements.

c. It creates more disagreement between the powers.

2) Соотнесите слова и словосочетания в колонке А с их определениями в колонке В:

A B

A. to trade a. to give in return for something else

B. to exchange b. state or act of agreeing

C. an agreement c. to buy and sell

D. to appear d. a state, nation

E. a country e. to come into existence

F. peace f. the absence of war

3) Заполните пропуски, употребляя данные в скобках глаголы в Past Simple:

1. He works for Nokia.

Two years ago he ……………………… for Siemens. (work)

2. He usually goes to London on Sundays.

Last Sunday, he ……………………….. to Manchester. (go)

3. Production costs increase every year.

Last year, production costs ………………………. . (decrease)

4. We usually buy new equipment every five year.

Five years ago, we ………………………… new equipment. (buy)

5. He usually meets his clients in the office.

Last week, he …………………………. the clients in the office. (meet)

6. Their boss is 40 years old.

Three years ago he …………………… 37. (be)

4) Подберите по смыслу и заполните пропуски в тексте данными ниже глаголами, употребляя их в Past Simple:

be advertise start increase employ rise

The company …………….(1) in 1970. They developed a product for cleaning car windows. At first, it ……………. (2) difficult to enter the market but they ……………………………… (3) the product in newspapers and magazines. It soon became a great success. In 1975, they ……………………….. (4) more stuff and ……………………….. (5) the production. A year later, the profits ………………………(6) .The company now is one of the most successful of the kind.

5) Составьте специальные вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. The new Financial Director started on Wednesday.

………………………………………………………………..?

2. They launched the new product last week.

………………………………………………………………..?

3. You went to Spain on holiday last year.

………………………………………………………………..?

4. He stayed there for two weeks.

………………………………………………………………..?

5. He traveled to Paris by car.

……………………………………………………………….?

6. She had steak for dinner.

……………………………………………………………….?

6) Закончите предложения, расставляя данные в скобках слова и словосочетания в нужном порядке и употребляя глагол в Past Continuous:

1. When I came into the office, ……………………………………..…………….. ( they/ discuss/ a problem).

2. When I came into the office, ………………………………..………………... (the secretary/ a telephone call/ answer).

3. …………………………………………….. (What/ you/ do) at ten p.m. yesterday?

4. While her boss was holding a meeting, ……………………………………... (Mary/ type/ a letter).

5. At nine a.m. yesterday …………………………………….…………………..

(Mr. Brown/ the documents/ look through).

6. ………………………………………………….. (they/ dinner/ not/ have) when Mom entered the kitchen. They were watching TV.

7) Заполните пропуски, раскрывая скобки и употребляя глагол в Past Simple или Past Continuous:

1. It …………………… (start) to rain when we ………………………(walk) to the office.

2. Daniela ……………………………… (be/not) at home when I ……………….. (call). She ………………………… (work).

3. The company ………………………… (lose) money until the new Managing Director ……………………….. (join).

4. She ……………………. (work) for Carter’s Limited when the companies …………………………………. (merge).

5. The Managing Director …………………………… (give) a presentation when the fire alarm ……………………….. (ring).

6. John ………………………. (learn) Russian while he ……………………… (study) in Moscow.

8) Составьте краткий план и изложите содержание текста об истории развития торговли (13-15 предложений).