Література

1. Законодавство України про охорону праці: Збірник нормативних документів. В 4-х т. К.: Основа. 1995.;

2. Охорона праці в Україні. Нормативні документи. - К.: КНТ,2004, 440 с.;

3. Законодавство України про працю. Нормативні документи та коментарі / Упоряд. І.В.Зуб. - 2-ге вид., доп. - К.: А.С.К., 2003. 304 с.;

4. Законодавство України з охорони праці в 3-х т. –К., «Основа», 2006.

5. Практичний коментар до нової редакції Закону України «Про охорону праці» під редакцією Л.О. Мельничук, Харків, «Форт», 2003. – 72 с.

6. Л.А. Катренко, Ю.В. Кіт, І.П. Пістун / Охорона праці. Навчальний посібник з практикумом:.- Суми: ВТД “Університетська книга, 2006 - 496с.;

7. Жидецький В.Ц. Основи охорони праці. Львів: Афіша, 2002. – 320 с.;

8. Ткачук К.Н., Халімовський О.М., Зацарний В.В. та інші. Основи охорони праці. К.: «Основа», 2003.

9. Жидецький В.Ц. Охорони праці користувачів компютерів . Підручник. –Львів: Афіша, 2000.- 176с.;

10. Жидецький В.Ц. , В.С. Джигерей, В.М. Сторожук, Л.В. та інші. Практикум із охорони праці. Навчальний посібник. Львів:- “Афіша” , 2000.-348 с.;

11. Рожков А.П. Пожежна безпека: Навчальний посібник для студентів вищих закладів освіти України. Київ: Пожінформтехніка, 1999. – 256 с.;

12. Пожежна безпека. Нормативні акти та інші документи. У 15 т. – К.: Основа, 1997 – 2009.

13. Бублик Г.А. Охорона праці. Конспект лекцій. - К.: КНТЕУ. - 2002.- 129с.

14. Журнали «Охорона праці», 1997-2009.

15. Офіційний сайт Держнаглядохоронпраці www. Dnop.kiev.ua.

16. Сайт http://document.org.ua.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE

LVIV POLYTECHNIC NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

N.І. Andreichook, Yu.V.Kit, S.V. Shybanov, O.V.Sherstniova

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

MANUAL

For Full-time and Correspondence Bachelor Students

(020303 “Philology”)

Approved

by Occupational SafetyDepartment

Protocol № 6 from 24.02. 2010.

Approved

by Applied Linguistics Department

Protocol № 6 from 27.12. 2010.

Lviv – 2011

N.І. Andreichook, Yu.V.Kit, S.V.Shybanov, O.V.Sherstniova. Occupational Safety: Manual for full-time and correspondence Bachelor students of Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technologies of Lviv Polytechnic National University (020303 “Philology”).- Lviv: Publishing House of Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2011. - 208p.

Basic information on legislative, legal and organizational issues of occupational safety, sanitation activities and means of maintaining health and efficiency of workers, information on safety issues (electrical safety) and fire safety is provided

For higher school students.

Reviewers:Gogitashvili G.G., Ph.D., Professor of Occupational Safety Department

of Lviv Polytechnic National University

Semchuk Ya.M., Ph.D., Head of Life Safety Department of Ivano-

Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas

Artsyshevska A.L., Ph. D., Associate Professor of Foreign Languages

Department for Humanitarian Faculties of

Ivan Franko National University of Lviv

Introduction

Occupational safety fundamentals is a required discipline, which is studied with a view to forming in future professionals with higher education the level of knowledge and skills in legal and organizational issues of occupational safety, physiology fundamentals, problems of occupational hygiene, industrial sanitation, worker safety and fire safety, and also an active position on practical realization of the priority to protect life and health of employees as related to the results of industrial activity, essential in their further professional activity.

Occupational safety is a system of legal, social and economic, organizational and technical, sanitary hygienic and therapeutic preventive measures and ways aimed at maintaining health and ability to work of a human being in the process of work.

The discipline of Occupational safety was first introduced in 1929 in Moscow railway transport institute.

In 1966 the course was officially introduced in the curricula of all engineering specialties, in all technical educational institutions departments of occupational safety began to be established.

It happened so historically that occupational safety as a branch of science appeared on the intersection of social legal, technical and medical science, the science about a human being. The main object of its investigation is a human being in the process of work, industrial environment, organization of work and industry. Based on this research, the means and ways aimed at maintaining health and the ability to work of a human being in the process of work are being developed.

“Occupational safety fundamentals” is a discipline which is based on the general scientific (physics, chemistry, mathematics) as well as general technical and special disciplines (materials resistance, electric technology, industrial technology and equipment etc.).

The methodological basis of the OS course lies in the scientific analysis of the working conditions, technological processes, industrial equipment, work stations, working operations, organization of production, and environment with the aim of finding harmful and dangerous industrial factors, and possibility of accidents.

The course “Occupational safety fundamentals” consists of four parts: legislation and system of occupational safety management; occupational hygiene and industrial sanitation; worker safety, fire safety.

Historical aspects of Occupational safety

I.M. Syechenov (1901) established physiological criteria according to which it was possible to set the duration of a working day.

The founder of modern hygiene is considered to be professor F.F. Yerysman of Moscow university, he published the book “A course of hygiene” (1887).

In 1902-1903 doctor A.V. Pogozhev published first Russian magazine “Industry and health”.

Academician A.A. Skochynsky studied the causes of fires and explosions in coal industry (1938-1967), academician N.N. Semenov developed the theory of explosion and burning. Academician M.Ye. Zelinsky proposed an effective design of a gas mask.

Academician M.Ye. Zhukovsky developed the aerodynamic theory which allowed to make calculations of ventilation systems.

Fundamental and applied problems of occupational safety, identification of professional danger are developed in the works of academician B.O. Paton, professors K.N. Tkachuk, O.N. Rusak, S.V. Byelov and others.

Modern state of occupational safety

Until now mankind has not learned how to protect a human being, his/her health in the process of everyday work.

International statistics claims that nowadays traumatism can be equal to an epidemic. According to the World occupational safety organization data, mortality caused by accidents takes third place after cardiovascular diseases and oncological diseases, and moreover, the people who die are able to work and aged below 40. Every year 15 million industrial injuries are registered, every three minutes one person dies at work.

The analysis of the causes of mortality in Ukraine (2001-2008) shows that the underlying cause of the mortality of men able to work are accidents, poisoning, traumas (30-35% all deaths at this age).

The problem of industrial injuries is very acute – every year approximately 50,000 people get injuries at work, of whom 1,500 die, more than 3,500 get professional diseases. Because of the inability to work every year 2.5-3 million man-days are wasted, the average seriousness of every trauma has reached 25.1 man-day of the inability to work.

According to the statistics, during the recent years 3 million people, of whom 1 million are women, work in the national economy under the conditions that do not correspond to the sanitary hygienic norms.

Nearly 800,000 machines, mechanisms, means of transport are exploited but do not meet the requirements of occupational safety and hygiene, and more than 40,000 industrial buildings need emergency repair.

Main causes of accidents in Ukraine:

1. Unsatisfactory preparation of employees on the issues of occupational safety;

2. Absence of the adequate control of the safety state at the work stations and meeting the established norms;

3. Inadequate supply of the employees with the means of protection;

4. Slow introduction of the means and devices of collective safety;

5. Depreciation of the industrial means.

Lecture 1. Ukrainian Legislation on Labour Protection

Chapter I. LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF LABOUR PROTECTION

1.1.Fundamental Legislative Acts on Labour Protection

Legislative acts which determine the main provisions of LP are general laws of Ukraine and special acts adopted and approved by the Cabinet of Ministers, State Mining Technical Inspection Committee (Derzhpromgirnaglyad), Ministry of Health and other Ukrainian ministries.

The fundamental laws of Ukraine which determine the main LP provisions are:

• the Constitution of Ukraine

• the Labour Code of Ukraine

• the laws of Ukraine :

1.” Mandatory state social insurance against occupational accidents and diseases which caused loss of work abilities"

2. “Labour Protection Act” (came into effective 01.01.2003)

3. Fundamentals of the Ukrainian legislation on health care.

4. “Fire Safety Act” (came into effective 17. 21.1993)

5. “Nuclear Power Application and Radiation Safety Act”

6. “Assurance of Sanitary and Epidemiological Security of Population Act” (came into effective 24.02.2003)

Special legislative acts are normative acts on LP:

• Labour protection normative acts (НПАОП)

• International standards of labour safety standards system (ГОСТ ССБП)

• Ukrainian state standards (ДСТУ)

• Construction rules and regulations (СНиП), state construction regulations (ДБН)

• Sanitary regulations (СН)

• Sanitary rules and regulations (ДСанПіН, ДСП)

• Rules of operating electrical devices (ПБЕ (ПУЭ)

• Rules of technical exploitation of consumer electrical devices (ПТЕЕС)

• Rules of safe exploitation of consumer electrical devices (ПБЕЕС)

• Radiation safety regulations of Ukraine (НРБУ)

The fundamental legislative instrument in the LP field is the Labour Protection Act of Ukraine, which covers all enterprises, institutions and organizations regardless of their profile and ownership pattern and generally all working citizens.

1.2.Labour Protection Normative Acts

State normative acts on labour protection.

Labour protection normative acts (LPNA (НПАОП)) include rules, standards, regulations, instructions and other instruments which have the effectiveness of legal norms and are legally binding. The legislation envisages that, irrespective of the sphere of validity, LPNA can be either inter–branch or branch.

LP inter–branch normative act is LPNA used on the national scale which covers all the enterprises, institutions and organizations regardless of the branch they belong to and ownership pattern.

LP branch normative act is LPNA covering enterprises, institutions and organizations which belong to a particular branch regardless of their ownership pattern.

1.3.General Guarantees of Rights to Labour Protection. Employees' Rights to Labour Protection. Employer's Liabilities.

1.3.1.Main Employee's Rights

Terms and conditions of an employment agreement cannot comprise provisions which contradict the laws and other normative acts on labour protection.

While negotiating an employment agreement, the employer must inform the employee against a receipt of the working conditions, any dangerous and hazardous factors at his/her workplace, which have not been eliminated yet, their possible detrimental effect on health and of the employee’s rights to benefits and compensations for work in such conditions in compliance with the legislation and the collective agreement.

The employee cannot be offered a job which according to the medical certificate contra-indicated for health reasons. Works of increased danger and those which require professional selection are only permitted for employees holding a certificate of psycho-physiological examination.

According to the law, all employees must hold a compulsory state social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases which caused loss of work abilities.

Working conditions at a workplace, safety of technological processes, machines, mechanisms, equipment and other means of production, condition of collective and personal protection equipment used by the employee as well as amenities must be in conformance with the legislation.

The employee may refuse to perform work he/she is charged with in case of arising of a production situation which is life-threatening for the employee or endangers the surrounding people, production environment or ecology. The employee must immediately inform his/her manager or employer of the arising circumstances. If necessary, the fact of such situation can be confirmed by the labour protection experts of the enterprise with the assistance of a representative of the trade union a member of which the employee is or of an authorized person in labour protection (if the trade union has not been established) and also of an insurance expert in labour protection.

For a period of stoppage for reasons envisaged by part 2 of this article, which arose not through the employee's fault, the employee's full average salary is preserved.

The employee may voluntarily dissolve the employment agreement, if the employer fails to comply with the labour protection legislation and to fulfil the terms and conditions of the collective agreement on these issues. In that case, the employee shall get dismissal pay at the rate stipulated in the collective agreement, but no less than a three-month salary.

For works in harmful and dangerous conditions and works connected with contamination or severe meteorological conditions, employees shall be provided with free overalls, shoes and other personal protection means, detergents and neutralizing agents. Employees who are engaged for a one-off job appertaining to accidents elimination, disaster fighting, etc. which are not provided for by the employment agreement shall be provided with the afore-enumerated protective means.

1.3.2.Employer Liabilities

The employer shall provide working conditions at workplaces in every structural subdivision in accordance with normative acts and shall ensure compliance with the labour protection legislation in part of employees’ rights.

With this aim the employer shall ensure functioning of labour protection management system. He/she shall:

• establish special services and appoint officials who shall ensure solving specific labour protection issues, approve instructions stipulating their duties, rights and responsibilities for performing the functions they are charged with and control their fulfilment.

• develop with the assistance of the collective agreement's parties and implement complex measures to achieve the established regulations and improve the existing level of labour protection.

• ensure fulfilment of necessary safety precautions in accordance with newly-arisen circumstances.

• introduce innovative technologies, scientific and technological advances, computer-aided production facilities, ergonomical requirements, positive experience in labour protection.

• ensure proper maintenance of buildings and constructions, manufacturing equipment and facilities as well as their status monitoring.

• ensure elimination of factors which cause accidents and occupational diseases, and execution of safety precautions prescribed by the investigating commissions.

• organize labour protection audit, laboratory testing of working conditions, technical evaluation of manufacturing equipment and facilities, certification of workplaces in accordance with labour protection regulations following the procedure and terms determined by the legislation and, based on their outcomes take measures in order to eliminate dangerous and hazardous factors.

• develop and approve regulations, instructions and other labour protection acts which are effective at the enterprise (hereinafter referred to as "enterprise's acts") and lay down rules of work execution and employees’ behaviour at the enterprise's territory, in the manufacturing workshops, at building sites, at workplaces in accordance with labour protection normative acts; provide the employees with free normative acts and enterprise's acts on labour protection.

• control the employee’s conformance with technological processes, rules of operating machines, mechanisms, equipment and other manufacturing facilities, usage of collective and personal protection means, execution of works by employees in accordance with the labour protection requirements.

• propagate safe work methods and collaboration with labour protection officials.

• take urgent measures in order to render necessary aid to victims, engage professional rescue units in case of accidents and emergencies, if necessary.

The employer bears direct responsibility for non-fulfilment of the above-stipulated requirements.

1.4.Compensation for Work in Harmful and Severe Working Conditions

The following kinds of compensation are envisaged:

• additional leave for 3-12 workdays;

• shortened workday down to 24-36 hours per week;

• increased wages;

• pension payments after the age of 45, 50, 55 years;

• additional 10-minute breaks (with warming or cooling depending on the kind of works) after every working hour;

• special nutrition, overalls, etc.

1.5.Compensation for the Harm in Case of Employees' Health Damage or Death

Compensation for the harm in case of the employees' health damage or death is paid by the Social Insurance Fund against Accidents in accordance with the law of Ukraine ”Mandatory state social insurance against occupational accidents and diseases which caused loss of work abilities"

The employer can execute additional payments to victims and their relatives in at his own expense under the collective agreement or employment agreement.

Employees who lost their work ability through an accident or occupational disease preserve their job (position) and average wage for the whole period till work ability restoration or till establishing permanent disability. If the victim is not able to execute the previous work, he/she shall be offered training and retraining and further employment in accordance with medical recommendations.

The disability period due to an occupational accident or disease is included into the service record for being granted retirement pension and also into the record of work in harmful conditions which renders the employee eligible for pensions on preferential terms and at increased rates.

1.6.Women’s and Juvenile Labour Protection

1.6.1.Women’s Labour Protection

The Constitution of Ukraine stipulates gender equality. According to Article 174 of the Labour Code, women’s labour may not be used for laborious work, works in dangerous and hazardous conditions, underground works; women’s labour in night shift is limited. (Cabinet of Ministry of Ukraine Regulation No 381 as of 27/03/1996)

Women may not be engaged for lifting weights in excess of the established rate.

On 10/12/1993 the Ukrainian Ministry of Health issued Decree No 241, which stipulates the maximal permissible weights to be lifted and moved by women:

• lifting and moving of weights alternating with another kinds of work (up to 2 times per hour)- up to 10 kg;

• continuous lifting and moving of weights during the work shift – up to 7 kg;

The weights total moved during one hour per each work shift may not exceed 350 kg (from work surface) and 175 kg from the floor.

According to Article 175 of the Labour Code, night shift for women shall be limited. Women shall be granted a 70-calendar-day maternity leave before the delivery and 56-calendar-day maternity leave after the delivery (70 calendar days in case of complicated delivery).

Under Article 181 of the Labour Code, women shall be granted a partly-paid child-care leave till the child's age of 3 years and an additional unpaid leave till the child's age of 6 years. These leaves shall count towards the service record.

According to Article 10 of " The Ukrainian Law on Leaves”, an employed woman who has two or more children under 15 years or a disabled child, at her request shall be granted an additional unpaid 5-calendar-day leave, days-off excluded.

1.6.2.Juvenile Labour Protection

Juveniles are persons aged 14 – 18 years.

Taking into consideration specific physical, physiological and other juveniles' features, the Ukrainian State cares about the health of the young generation. This is stipulated in Article 43 of the Ukrainian Constitution and the Labour Protection Act, which forbid juvenile work in dangerous or severe labour conditions and juvenile underground works specified in the Ministry of Health Decree No46 as of 31/03/1994.

The maximal permissible weights for lifting and moving by juveniles are stated in the Ministry of Health Decree No56 as of 22/03/1996.

Juveniles aged 14 – 15 years are employed only subject to agreement of the guardianship board, parents, police and school administration (Article 188 of the Labour Code of Ukraine).

The duration of workday for juveniles aged 14 – 16 years is 24 hours per week, 16–18-year juveniles – 36 hours per week (part-time).

Juveniles are granted a 30-calendar-day summer leave (Article No195 ib.).

Juveniles may not work nightshifts nor overtime on days-off (Article No192 ib.). Upon being employed, juveniles shall pass an entry medical examination; till the age of 21 juveniles shall undergo a mandatory annual medical examination (Article No191 ib.)

A juvenile's dismissal is permitted only subject to agreement of the local juvenile committee (Article No198 ib.).

1.7.Liability for Infringement of Labour Protection Legislation

According to Article 44 of the Labour Protection Act, infringement of LP regulations, hindrance activities of officials of LP state control agencies and trade unions entail administrative, disciplinary, pecuniary and criminal responsibility in accordance with the legislation.

Officials who are at fault for infringement of LP regulations are liable to administrative fines (administrative liability). A fine is imposed by a regional trade union committee inspector and by a respective state control agency. Administrative liability ensues from the age of 16 years (Article 44 of the Labour Protection Act).

Disciplinary liability consists in imposing disciplinary punishment in compliance with the legislation on workers and engineering staff (ES). According to Article 147 of the Labour Code of Ukraine, the types of punishment envisaged by law are a reprimand, transfer to a lower-paid job for a 3- month term, dismissal (in aggravating circumstances).

Disciplinary liability can be imposed by an agency authorized to employ workers. Disciplinary punishment can be administered on the initiative of agencies performing government and public control over LP. Severity of the offence, gravity of the damage caused, circumstances under which the offence was committed and the previous professional performance of a person is to be considered in order to select a punishment.

Pecuniary liability embraces employers' and employees' responsibility. Article 130 of the Labour Code stipulates that the employee is held liable for the damage caused to the enterprise (institution) through the failure to fulfil his/her duties, including cases of violating LP regulations. Pecuniary liability is imposed only in case of a direct and real damage on condition that this damage was caused to the enterprise (institution) by the person's illegal actions (inaction). This liability is restricted to certain part of the employee's earnings which does not exceed 1/3 of his/her wage. Damages associated with infringement of the LP legislation can include the compensation of the victim's wage loss, single-pay benefit, additional expenses on medical care, prostheses as well as funeral expenses, single-pay benefit to the family and dependants.

Criminal liability ensues if infringement of the labour protection legislation resulted in danger to life or to health of citizens. The subject of criminal liability related to labour protection can be any official at an enterprise, organization or institution regardless of the ownership pattern. Criminal liability is imposed by court (0.5–8-year imprisonment).

1.8.State Management of Labour Protection

According to Article 31 of the Ukrainian Labour Safety Act, control over labour protection in Ukraine is executed by the following bodies of power:

• the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers;

• State Mining Technical Inspection Committee;

• ministries and others central executive power agencies;

• local state administration, local councils of people's deputies;

• associations, concerns, corporations and other unions of enterprises as well as institutions of local governing.

The Act contains direct regulations, which define liabilities, rights and authorities of each of these agencies.

The Ukrainian Cabinet is the superior body which executes state governing of labour protection in the country.

The State Mining Technical Inspection Committee directly implements the state LP policy and executes complex management of labour protection in the country.

1.9.State and Public Control over Labour Protection

1.9.1.State Control over Labour Protection

According to the Ukrainian Labour Safety Act (Article 38), state control over fulfilment of legislative and other normative acts and regulations on LP is executed by:

• State Mining Technical Inspection Committee (a special authorized central body of executive power on labour protection control);

• Nuclear and Radiation Safety State Committee of Ukraine;

• Emergency Ministry agencies for state fire safety control;

• sanitary and epidemiological agencies and institutions of the Ministry of Health (special authorized state agency on occupational hygiene)

Superior control over fulfilment and correct application of the LP law is executed by the Prosecutor General of Ukraine and prosecutor’s offices.

The State Mining Technical Inspection Committee of Ukraine includes a number of local branch-specific administrations and respective subordinate inspections specialized in particular kinds of control.

Officials of state LP control agencies (inspectors) are authorized:

• to visit enterprises under control at any time without any obstacle in order to control the compliance with the LP law, to receive from the employer the necessary explanations, materials and information on LP issues;

• to send mandatory orders prescribing elimination of LP-related infringements and shortcomings to directors, officials, heads of local councils, ministries and other central executive agencies;

• to suspend exploitation of plants, factories, workshops, sections, divisions, workplaces until removal of LP regulations infringements which endanger employees’ health or life;

• to enforce administrative liability of persons guilty of violating the LP law;

• to send to employers and enterprise directors reports on the failure of certain officials to meet the requirements to offices they hold; if necessary, to pass case documents instituting criminal proceedings to the prosecutor’s office.

1.9.2. State and Public Control over Labour Protection

According to the Ukrainian Labour Safety Act (Article 41), public control is executed by:

• enterprise staff through the elected representatives;

• trade unions through elected bodies and representatives: Central Trade Union Committee of Ukraine, regional trade union councils, local trade union committees, workshop trade union committee, public labour protection inspector.

Authorized control is executed by:

• branch-specific ministries;

• central department;

• associations;

• employers;

• LP experts (safety engineer);

• heads of enterprise subdivisions.

Employers implement LP control once a month represented by their deputies or LP experts, head or deputy-head of enterprise subdivision once a week and works manager daily before the workday.

Lecture 2. Labour Protection Management

Labour protection management implies preparation, passing and implementation of decisions on administrative, technical, sanitation and medical-preventive measures aimed at ensuring people’s health and work ability. The labour protection management system (СУОП) is a component part of the general system of enterprise management.

Labour protection management envisages involvement practically of all services and subdivisions an enterprise.

The object of management is activity of structural subdivisions for the purpose of establishing safe and healthy working condition. Labour protection management at an enterprise is performed by its director (proprietor) and at the subdivisions (workshops, departments and services) by their heads and leading experts. This activity is coordinated by the labour protection service.

1. Main Principles of Labour Protection Management

Implementation of labour protection management functions is based on the following main principles:

priority of human (employee’s) health and life over the enterprise’s production performance;

implementation of the accident prevention principle;

joint discussion of labour safety issues and personal responsibility for decisions and their implications;

regularity of labour protection management;

publicity of control and managerial decisions.

Functions of labour protection management include the complex of necessary and rational operations aimed at ensuring labour safety secure. Here belong:

• control over labour protection and decision-making;

• estimation of officials’ performance and involvement in accordance with LP quantitative criteria;

• establishing the system of incentives and penalties for officials in respect of ensuring labour safety and preventing occupational diseases and injuries.

• elaboration, adoption and implementation of managerial decisions.

2. Labour protection service

Structure

At enterprises, institutions and organizations, LP services must include the following experts:

special engineers;

occupational hygiene experts;

labour protection lawyers.

Under the LP service, a laboratory can be created to exercise control over harmful industrial factors at workplaces.

At industrial enterprises staffed with of up to 50 employees (non-industrial sphere up to 100 employees), functions of the LP service can be executed by specially trained persons as their second job. Such experts being unavailable, services of LP experts associations can be used.

The enterprise which can not employ occupational hygiene experts and does not have a laboratory can use contractual services of local sanitary-and-epidemiological stations.

Lawyers’ department being unavailable at the enterprise, contractual services of law experts of other enterprises or of a legal consultancy can be used.

Size of labour protection service

At enterprises staffed with 51-500 employees, the LP service must be represented by one LP expert trained in engineering.

LP service at enterprises with explosive materials and virulent poisons must have two experts.

If the enterprise has the institution of deputy directors, the head of LP service is appointed a deputy director regardless of the employees’ number.

For employees’ number n >500 persons, LP service size is defined by the formula:

M₁= 2+ (E_av *C_h)/ R

where E_av is the average number of employees;

R is annual effective production resource of LP experts, R = 1800 hours;

C_h is a coefficient accounting for occupational hazard;

C_h = 1+ ( E_b + E_a) / E_av

E_b is the number of employers dealing with harmful substances regardless of their concentration;

E_a is the number of employees engaged in increased-risk works who are annually certified in LP.

Max C_h =3.

Labour protection service solves the following tasks:

1. ensures safety of industrial processes, equipment, facilities, buildings and constructions;

2. provides the employees with personal and collective protective aids;

3. trains and retrains employees in labour protection, propagates safe work methods;

4. ensures employees’ optimal daily work-rest regimen;

5. ensures professional selection of specialists for performing specific kinds of work.

LP service develops and implements the following main functions:

1. Establishment of effective LP management system;

2. Execution of operational and methodical management of LP activity;

3. Development of complex LP measures in collaboration with structural subdivisions, drawing of the LP section for the collective agreement;

4. Provision of rules, standards and other LP regulations to employees;

5. Certification of compliance of workshops, departments and sections with LP requirements;

6. Execution of operational and routine LP control;

7. Investigation, recording and analysis of cases of occupational diseases, accidents and emergencies as well as estimation of the damage caused;

8. Development of short-term and long-term plans;

9. Projection and control of expenses on labour protection from the LP fund;

10. Organization of training, retraining and examining in LP;

11. Provision of personal and collective protective aids to the employees;

12.Control over compliance with the requirements of LP legislation.

LP service participates in:

• Investigation of accidents and occupational diseases;

• Formation of LP fund and its budget allocation;

• Work of LP commission;

• Development of LP instructions;

• Activity of workplaces certification commission.

LP service controls:

• Compliance with LP legislation;

• Implementation of state instructions and proposals of trade unions, application of LP funds;

• Conformity of equipment to LP regulations, availability of technological documentation at workplaces;

• Timeliness of LP training and certification of employees;

• Supplying employees with personal protection aids, benefits and compensations for work in severe and harmful conditions;

• Medical examinations;

• Use of juvenile, women’s and disabled people’s work.

LP service experts are entitled to:

• have free access to industrial objects, suspend operation of production enterprises and machines which endanger employees’ life and health;

• receive from officials necessary information, documents on LP;

• check labour safety condition, occupational hygiene;

• issue subdivision directors with mandatory instructions;

• demand from officials the removal of employees without medical examination, LP training and instructing, or those who fail to fulfil LP regulations;

• send to enterprise directors reports on imposing liability on employees violating LP requirements.

Liabilities of LP service workers

LP service workers of enterprises, organizations, etc. bear personal responsibility for:

non-compliance of their decisions to the LP current legislation;

non-fulfilment of their functional duties;

unreliable and delayed statistical reports on LP;

poor quality of accident investigation.

Lecture 3. Occupational Injuries

1. The Notion of Occupational Injuries and Diseases

Injury (trauma) is damage to anatomic integrity of the human body or its functions caused by harmful industrial factors.

Accident is an unexpected event happening to a person through an unforeseeable coincidence which causes health damage or death.

An occupational accident is connected with the employee’s exposure to a harmful industrial factor. Occupational injuries mean the totality of injuries and accidents.

Occupational disease is a pathological condition caused by long-term work in harmful working conditions which is connected with the body overstrain or unfavourable impact of industrial factors.

Depending on impact character, the following types of injuries are distinguished:

- mechanical (bruises, fractures) ;

- thermal (scalds, fire-burns, chilblains) ;

- chemical (poisoning, chemical burns) ;

- electrical (electrical burns, electrical marks, electric ophthalmia, etc.) ;

- mental (shock, fright)

Depending on the gravity of consequences, work ability loss falls into:

• temporary - the person renewed the work ability after injury and resumed work;

• permanent–temporary - the person renewed the work ability after injury and resumed work but the consequences of the injury remained (for instance, finger loss or lameness)

• permanent – permanent lost of work ability (first-degree disability)

2. Causes of Industrial Injuries

• Technical causes

1. Faulty technological processes and equipment;

2. Failure of equipment and communication facilities;

3. Fallible and faulty tools and devices (repair, service)

4. Lack of protective fencing, railing, shielding, etc. and preventive equipment;

5. Improper spacing between separate peaces of equipment, devices, etc.

• Organizational causes

1. Deficient labour organization (poor regimen, excessive duration or intensity of work)

2. Poor organization of workplaces, passageways, etc.

3. Inadequate training of employees in the process technology and safety regulations.

4. Violation of the technological mode; inappropriate control;

5. Use of inappropriate tools and appliances;

6. Poor quality of personal work tools;

7. Application of dangerous facilities and instruments;

8. Lack of danger warning.

• Sanitation causes

1. Air pollution;

2. Deviation of meteorological conditions from standard indicators;

3. Improper lighting;

4. Harmful radiation: UV, X–ray, electromagnetic field;

5. Production noise, vibration;

6. Deficit of floor area and volume of premises;

7. Unhealthy condition of personal service rooms;

8. Lack of preventive medical examinations;

9. Violation of personal hygiene rules.

3. Occupational Injuries Analysis

Methods used for studying injuries are:

• statistical;

• topographical;

• monographic;

• economic;

• questionnaire-based;

• expert appraisal.

Statistical method is based on documents: reports, questionnaires, victim’s professional certificate, taking into account workplaces, workshops, record of service, accident scene, accident gravity, time of day, season, etc.

Evaluation is implemented based on:

Frequency index:

K₄ = A*1000/T

A is the number of occupational injuries;

T is the average number of employees.

Gravity index:

K_g = D/A

D is the duration of the disability leave.

Monographic method consists in the detailed survey of work conditions, equipment, facilities, technology, hygiene and sanitary conditions. In accordance with this method, circumstances of an accident are scrutinized and respective preventive measures are developed.

Topographical method implies marking accidents spots at the workshop layout plan. Thereby, places of increased danger which require closer examination and preventive measures are specified and made known.

Economic method is used to study and analyze losses caused by occupational injuries.

Questionnaire-based method involves development of questionnaire forms for employees. On the basis of filled-out questionnaires, preventive measures are developed.

Expert appraisal is based on expert conclusions on work conditions and compliance of the technology, equipment, facilities and tools with the requirements of standards and ergonomic regulations to machines, equipment, control boards, etc.

4. Analysis of Occupational Poisonings and Diseases.

Index of occupational diseases frequency is estimated by the formula:

I_f = L*1000/T

I_r = L/D

D is the number of occupational disease cases

L is disability leave duration

T is the total number of employees

The enterprise owner is obliged to inform employees on the state of labour protection, causes of accidents and occupational diseases and on the measures taken for their elimination and for ensuring proper level of labour protection.

Lecture 4. Harmful Substances and Protection against their Impact

Chapter II. OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE AND PRODUCTION SANITATION

Occupational hygiene is the branch of preventive medicine which develops scientific fundamentals and practical measures for ensuring improvement of work conditions in order to preserve employees’ health and high level of work ability and to prevent occupational injures, diseases and others work-related negative consequence.

Production sanitation is a complex of measures aimed at enhancement of work conditions, elimination of harmful factors and occupational diseases prevention, which raises productivity and efficiency and production quality.

Industrial environment is the totality of physical, chemical, biological and social factors that affect the employee.

Work area is an area of workplaces where employees stay temporarily or continuously.

According to the State Standard (ГОСТ) 12.0.003–74 “Dangerous and harmful industrial factors”, dangerous and harmful industrial factors are divided into:

• physical (moving machines and mechanisms, products, falling items, increased or decreased temperature, humidity, speed, air ionization and barometric pressure; increased level of noise, vibration and radiation (ionizing, laser, EMF, infrared, ultraviolet and luminous radiation), electric current, sharp-edged equipment, high-altitude works, etc);

• chemical (chemical substances);

• biological (bacteria, viruses, fungi)

• psychophysical (physical overstrains – static, dynamic, and neuro-psychological factors – mental overstrains, analyzers over-exertion, work monotony, emotional overstrains).

Chemical substances which enter the body in industrial conditions even in relatively small amounts and cause physiological dysfunctions are called poisons or toxic agents. These substances cause occupational poisonings. Harmful (toxic) substances can be in solid, liquid and gaseous states.

The State Standard ГОСТ 12.1.005–88 “General sanitation requirements to work area air” stipulates the permissible concentrations of harmful substances in work area air.

Permissible concentrations of harmful substances in work area air are concentrations which within an 8-hour workday and within the whole period of service can not cause diseases or health abnormalities. If the concentration exceeds the permissible level (PL), this can result in occupational diseases or poisonings.

According to the State Standard ГОСТ 12.1.007-76 “Harmful substances, their classification and general safety requirements”, all harmful substances fall into four hazard classes:

• Extremely hazardous substances (PL < 0.1 mg/m³)

• Especially hazardous substances (PL from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/m³)

• Moderately hazardous substances (PL from 1.0 to 10.0 mg/m³)

• Low-hazard substances (PL > 10.0 mg/m³)

4.1. Harmful Substances Classification

Table 4.1.

Substance groups	Signs of poisoning
1	2
Neuro-paralytic agents – hydrocarbons, alcohols, ammonium	Cause nervous system dysfunction, convulsions, paralysis
Irritants - chlorine, nitrogen oxides	Affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts
Burning agents and irritants - inorganic acids, alkalines	Affect the skin, causes abscesses and ulcers
Enzymatic agents - cyanic acid, arsenic, mercury salts	Changes enzymes’ structure and deactivates them
Liver poisons - selenium, chlorohydrocarbons	Effect changes in the liver structure
Blood poisons – benzene, lead	Inhibit enzymes, affect blood haemoglobin
Mutagens – lead and mercury compounds	Causes genetic cell abnormalities
Allergens - nickel compounds, pyridine derivatives	Changes the body reactivity
Carcinogens - aromatic amines	Cause malignant growth

PL of some substances in work area air

Table 4.2.

N N	Substance	PL, mg/m3	Hazard class	Aggregate State	Specific action
1	nitrogen oxides	5	3	P	o
2	ammonium	20	4	P
3	sulfuric anhydride	1	2	A
4	acetone	200	4	P
5	acetic acid	5	3	P
6	caustic alkali	0.5	2	A
7	nickel	0.05	1	A	C, A
8	ozone	0.1	1	P	O
9	carbon oxide	20	4	P
10	dust : flour, paper	6	4	A	A, E
11	chlorine	1	2	P

4.2. Main Measures against Harmful Substances:

• Technical measures include replacement of toxic substances with non- or less toxic; automation, mechanization, application of remote control in order to eliminate the contact of the employee with toxic substances; hermetization of the equipment using local and general ventilation;

• Sanitation measures include systematic control of toxic substances concentration in the air; use of individual protection means; keeping scheduled work-rest regimen.

• Medical preventive measures include preliminary and periodical medical examinations, treatment at health resorts.

4.3. Control over toxic substances

The methods used are:

Express method based on colorimetry (change of colour) allows fast and accurate determination of toxic substances concentration; gas analyzers УГ-2, ГХ-4 are used.

Laboratory method consists in taking air samples in work area and its physical-chemical laboratory analysis.

Continuous method of registration of toxic substances in the air with gas analyzers and gas detectors (ФКГ–3M for chlorine, “Сирена–2” for ammonium and “Фотон” for hydrogen sulphide).

Lecture 5. Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing radiation is the radiation which can ionize the environment directly or indirectly.

Ionizing radiation is alpha, beta and gamma radiation issued by radioactive tracers during their spontaneous splitting; back radiation flows (X – rays and gamma rays, protons, neurons and deuterons) occurring during the interaction between radioactive rays and artificially accelerated particles and the substance.

Radioactive tracers are used in industry as a source of alpha, beta and gamma rays.

Alpha rays are a flux of alphas – helium nuclei that have positive charges. They have a low penetrating power because they lose a large amount of energy when colliding with atoms.

Beta rays are a flux of betas – electrons and protons that have equal masses. They are characterized by a lower ionizing and a higher penetrating power than alpha rays.

Gamma rays are a flux of gamma quanta – electromagnetic radiation with a short wave-length. They have a high penetrating and a low ionizing power.

Radiation that affects a living tissue causes ionization, increases atom reactivity and produces free radicals. One of the typical reactions is radiolysis, or radiolytic decomposition:

H₂O⁺ à H⁺ + OH

H₂O^- à H + OH^-

Radicals ^*OH recombine with oxygen O and form hydrogen peroxide OH^- as well as hydroperoxide. This causes indirect radiation effect that is more harmful than the direct one.

Free radicals react with molecules of protein, enzymes and other vital substances, as a result of which normal biochemical reactions are impaired and metabolic diseases appear. Henceforward, physiological processes and blood structure begin to change. At the last stage of radiation disease, cells and the entire body die.

5.1. Ionizing Radiation Doses

The amount of radiation energy absorbed by a mass unit of the living tissue exposed to radiation is called absorption dose.

An absorbed radiation dose unit in the Si-system is one grey (GR). 1 GR = J/kg , i.e. it is such an absorbed dose when 1 kg of the sample exposed to radiation absorbs 1 joule of energy. Rad is a special unit; 1 rad = 0.01 gr.

In case of X- and gamma radiation, there is a notion of exposure dose in the Si-system – it is coulomb by kilogram (C/kg).

In practice a special unit for exposure dose has been used in the Si-system until recently – the Roentgen (R); 1 R = 2.58*10^-4 C/kg

A dose absorbed by substance mass in a unit of time is called dose rate

In case of an equal dose absorbed by living tissue, the effect depends on the type of radiation. Thus each type of radiation has its relative biological effectiveness (RBE) which also depends on radiation energy.

The equivalent dose of ionizing radiation H is the product of the absorbed dose D by the average radiation quality factor k in the given volume of biological tissue of standard composition: H= kD.

Equivalent dose unit in the Si-system is sievert (Sv).

Put differently, Sievert is the equivalent dose unit of any radiation type in biological tissue which produces the same biological effect as the absorbed dose in 1 gr of sample X- or gamma radiation. The special equivalent dose unit is rem.

1 rem = 0.01 Sv

The effect of radiation doses:

Table 5.1.

0.2-0.25 gr.	Marginal and quickly passing blood changes
0.8-102 gr.	First symptoms of radiation disease
2.7-3.0 gr.	Acute radiation disease: 20 % of fatal cases
4.0-5.0 gr.	50 % of persons exposed to radiation die
5.5-7.0 gr.	100% fatality

5.2. Regulation of Radiation Safety

Radiation safety is regulated by the following documents: “Radiation Standards of Ukraine” (RSU-97, НРБУ-97)and “Basic Sanitary Rules of Working with Radioactive Substances and Other Ionizing Substances” (BSR, ОСП-72/87).

Maximum permissible dose (MPD) is the biggest dose affecting human body that does not cause irrevocable somatic and genetic changes in it, which are detected with the help of modern examination methods.

The system of dose limitations and principles of their use are given in (RSU-97, НРБУ-97), where three categories of people who may be exposed to radiation are listed:

• Category A (А) includes personnel who deal with radioactive substances professionally;

• Category B (Б) includes persons who may be exposed to radiation due to their living and working conditions;

• Category C (В) includes the rest of Ukrainian population.

In accordance with radiation sensitivity reduction level three groups of critical organs have been established:

I - group includes the entire body, gonads, red bone marrow;

II - group includes muscles, thyroid gland, adipose tissue, liver, kidneys, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, lens and other organs that are not included in groups I and II;

III - group includes skin, bones, shanks and footsteps.

Table 5.2.

Dose limits of external and internal radiation per year in Sv	Groups of critical organs
	I	II	III
MPD for category A (А)	0.05	0.15	0.30
MPD for categories B (Б) and C (В)	0.005	0.015	0.03

5.3. Protection

Ionization radiation protection can be ensured in the following ways:

• use of sources with minimal radiation by means of reducing radiation source activity;

• reduction of working hours with ionizing radiation source;

• workplace removal from ionizing radiation source;

• ionizing radiation source shielding;

• staff working area shielding;

• use of individual protection means;

• implementation of hygiene and sanitary measures as well as of treatment-and-preventive measures;

• implementation of labor protection measures for work with open and closed ionizing radiation sources;

• external radiation source protection;

• prevention of radioactive nuclide spreading in the working area and into the environment;

• proper planning and preparation of the working area;

• organization of proper radiation control;

• creation of safe conditions for radioactive substance transporting and collecting as well as for radioactive waste disposal;

• use of individual protection facilities etc.

The most common means of protection from ionizing radiation is shielding. There are movable or fixed shields which are designed to absorb or reduce ionizing radiation. Walls of containers for radioactive tracer transportation and preservation also function as protective shields.

Alphas are shielded by a layer of air a few centimeters thick or a glass pane a few millimeters thick. However, when dealing with alpha-active isotopes it is also necessary to protect oneself from beta and gamma radiation.

For protection from beta radiation, materials of a small atomic mass are used. For this purpose combination shields are used, in which the side facing the source is made of a material whose atomic mass is small and layer thickness is equal to beta range, and the next material has a big atomic mass.

For protection from X-ray exposure and gamma – radiation, materials of big atomic mass and high density (lead, tungsten) are used.

To protect from neutron emission, materials that consists of oxygen (water, paraffin) and also boron, beryllium, cadmium, graphite are used. Taking into account the fact that neutron flux is followed by gamma – radiation, it is advisable to use combined protection represented by layered shields of light materials (lead -polyethylene).

Remote controls, manipulators and complexes that include robots are effective means of protecting from radiation.

Depending on the kind of work, different means of protection are used: cotton overalls and hats, protective aprons, rubber gloves, shields, respiratory apparatuses (respirators), overalls, rubber boots. There are special demands to areas where work with ionizing radiation sources is carried out. Such areas are located in separate buildings or building departments that have a separate doorway with sanitary sluices. At the entrance, sighs of radiation danger must be posted and classes of work carried out listed. Unauthorized persons must not be admitted. In order protect people from ionizing radiation, different substances of artificial and natural origin are used; they are able to fix and destroy radioactive nuclides in the human body (radioprotectors). Such radioprotectors include: polyamides, citric and oxalic acids, barium sulfide, ferrocyanide-based sorbent agents etc. The effect of radioactive nuclides can be significantly reduced by consuming certain foodstuffs such as products rich in pectin (blackberry, gooseberry, dog - rose, cranberry juice, apples).

Another effective method of ensuring radiation safety is the monitoring of personnel exposure level and radiation level in the environment.

5.4. Radiation Dose Control

Methods of control: ionization, scintillation, photographic and chemical.

Ionization method is based on the ability of gases to conduct current under the effect of radiation. In accordance with this principle, ionization chamber and gas-meter function.

Scintillation method is based on the ability of certain solid, liquid and gas substances to shine under the influence of ionizing radiation. Alternating lights are transmitted to electric calculating circuits through secondary emission photocells; in accordance with alternating light intensity the dose is established.

Photographic method is based on the ability of photoemulsion to change its quality under the influence of radiation. A photographic plate wrapped in backing paper is placed in the zone of radiation effect. Later on, the plate is developed and depending on the level of its blackening the dose is established.

Chemical method is based on the ability of some chemical substances to change colour under the influence of ionizing radiation. Depending on the level of coloring the dose is established.

Lecture 6. Occupational Dust and Its Effect on Human Body

Dust consists of fine particles that are formed as a result of various industrial processes such as crushing and milling in the process of solid treatment as well as sowing and transporting of granular materials.

Dust in working areas is found in the form of aerosol or aerogel.

Aerosol consists of the smallest particles hanging in the air. Particles larger than 10^-3 in size are called aerosols, particles smaller than 10^-5 – 10^-3 in size are called fog.

Aerogel consists of particles that form sediment on building walls and edges.

Dust is characterized by the chemical composition, size and form of particles as well as their density, electric, magnetic and other peculiarities.

Depending on dust chemical composition, its following types are distinguished:

- Organic dust (wood, leather and wool)

- Non-organic dust (cement, quartz)

- Mixed dust (organic and non-organic)

The most dangerous for humans are particles 3-10 µm in size that get into lungs through breathing and stay there; accumulating, they cause diseases. Particles larger than 10 µm stay in the nose and the throat and those smaller than 3 µm are exhaled.

Depending on the effect on human body, the following types of dust are distinguished:

• Toxic dust dissolves in biological environment of the body and causes its poisoning. For example, lead and arsenic dust, when getting into human body through breathing, affect the nervous system, blood supply organs and gastrointestinal tract, which leads to acute or chronic body poisoning.

• Non-toxic dust affects human body less dramatically: it irritates skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva; dust getting into lungs causes occupational diseases such as the black-lung disease (organic changes in lungs and reduction in their function, which causes anoxaemia). Dust that contains SiO₂ causes silicosis; cement kiln dust causes cemenosis and slack – anthracosis.

Non-toxic dust can absorb toxic and radioactive substances and gain a certain electric charge, which makes it more harmful.

6.1. Dust Protection Methods

Dust Protection Methods:

• Ventilation (local and general)

• Capsulation of dust sources with aspiration (local aspiration)

• Moisturizing of dust-like materials

• Briquetting and granulation of flours

• Individual protection – respirators, gas-masks, overalls, goggles.

6.2. Methods of Defining Dust Levels at Workplace

Dust levels are defined with the help of the folowing methods:

Weight method is based on the principle of making up the weight of analytical filter by blowing a certain volume of the examined air through it. Dust mass in air volume units is defined in mg/m³.

Conimeteric, or calculative method (“coni” (Gr.) – dust) is based on prior separating dust from air by precipitating it on wet glass in a unit of time and the following calculation of the number of particles using the microscope. Dust concentration is expressed by the number of particles falling at a unit of air volume.

Photoelectric method. The general number of dust particles in a certain air volume is defined according to the difference of light fluxes before and after dusted air blowing. The light flux changes when dusted air is blown.

Electrometric method lies in the electrification of aerosol dust particles in a negative corona discharge field and further measurement of electric charge that accumulates on the walls of measuring chamber and is proportional to dust level in the air.

Lecture 7. Meteorological Conditions

The condition of air in the industrial area is called industrial indoor climate or meteorological conditions.

The main regulatory document that defines the parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises is ДСН 3.3.6.042-99 and ГОСТ 12.1.005-88.

Meteorological conditions are defined with the help of the following parameters: indoor air temperature, relative humidity, air movement and thermal emission.

All these characteristics, separately and together, affect the physiologic function of the body – its temperature control and state of health. The temperature of human body must remain stable within 36.5-37⁰ C notwithstanding labor conditions.

Adverse meteorological conditions may cause overheating or supercooling of the body.

Long-term effect of high air temperature and high air humidity cause the rise of human body temperature up to 38-40⁰ C (hyperthermia) that can cause different physical disturbances: metabolic diseases, vascular system changes, viscus changes (liver, stomach, gall-bladder, kidneys), respiratory system changes, central nervous system changes etc.

In conditions of high temperature, sweating increases dramatically, which causes immediate water metabolism diseases. Na, K, Ca are exuded with sweat. Lactic acid and urea levels increase in the blood. Arterial pressure rises.

The rise of air temperature from 20 ⁰C to 35 ⁰C causes employee work decrement by 50-60%.

Heat stroke is a serious condition caused by a loop of thermal control as a result of overheating. Heat strokes are most frequent as a result of muscular work in conditions of high temperature (30 ⁰C …50 ⁰C) and air humidity (75%). Heat strokes are preceded by: headache, fatigue, weakness, rambling speech, suffocation, palpitation, skin redness, excessive thirst, uncertain walking and rise in body temperature.

Overheating causes convulsions (water-salt metabolism disease, water loss).

A heat stroke and convulsions may cause a lethal outcome.

Supercooling (hypothermia) also has a negative effect on vital physiological processes, work capacity and health. The most typical reaction to low temperature is skin and muscle vasoconstriction. The pulse becomes weak, respiratory volume and oxygen consumption increase. Capillaries and arteries stop to function properly; diseases of the peripheral nervous system start as do lumbosacral radiculitis, geniculate neuralgia, sciatic neuralgia, rheumatism, pleurisy and bronchitis.

Meteorological Condition Normalization Methods

1. Improvement of technological processes and equipment (removal of intensive heating).

2. The rational placement of equipment; sources of heat are placed under ventilation skylight near walls in order to prevent thermal current crossing at the workplace.

3. Automation and remote control over technological processes. Employees must leave the industrial zone where there are hash factors

4. Rational heating, ventilation and air-conditioning:

• air and water showers in hot workshops

• radiation heating of permanent workplaces

• draught protection – closing windows and doors, air and air-thermal curtain installation on doors and gates.

1. Rationalization of work and rest regime:

• shift shortening

• additional breaks

6. The use of equipment heat insulation and shields. Shields for separating thermal radiation sources from workplaces are used in industrial zones.

Shields can be:

• reflecting

• absorbing

• collecting

• mixed

7. The use of individual protection means:

- overalls

- efficiency suits

- helmets, goggles.

Lecture 8. Electromagnetic Field Protection

The sources of EMF are generators, energy transmission channels, electromagnets, condensers, radio-frequency transformers and feeder lines.

List of frequency bands

Table 8.1.

Number of band	Frequency band	Wave band	Relevant metric partition
5	30-300 kHz	104-103 m	kilometric waves (low frequency, LF)
6	300- 3000 kHz	103 - 102 m	hectometric waves (medium frequency, MF)
7	3 – 30 MHz	102 – 10 m	decametric waves (high frequency, HF)
8	30-300 MHz	10 – 1 m	metric waves (ultrashort waves)
9	300-3000 MHz	1 – 0.1 m	decimetric waves (ultra-high frequencies, UHF)
10	3-30 GHz	10 – 1 cm	centimetric waves (very high frequencies, VHF)
11	30-300 GHz	1 – 10 cm	millimetric waves, (extremely high frequencies, EHF)

Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are invisible and cannot be felt by sense organs, which may cause undesirable radiation of people. The initial effect of EMF on human body is the heating of organs and tissues, which is the function of field intensity and frequency as well as radiation duration. Biological activity of EMF rises with the increase of oscillation frequency and is the highest in the area of ultra-high frequency. Functional changes are manifested by early fatigue, insomnia, cardio-vascular and nervous diseases.

The effect of EMF on human body depends on electric and magnetic field strength, power flow, oscillation frequency, the size of the exposed body organ and individual peculiarities of the body.

Electromagnetic Field Effect

EMF causes thermal, morphological effects and functional changes in the body.

Thermal effect is the heating of tissues and organs, it is the function of field intensity and frequency and emission duration.

Morphological effect is manifested by trophopathy, changes in the vascular system and cell structure modification.

Functional changes are manifested by tiredness, sleepiness, sleep disturbance, head ache and nervous system disorders.

Systematic radiation causes hypotension or hypertension, neuropsychic diseases, trophic conditions (hair loss) and reduction of potency.

The intensity of the effect of EMF with the frequency of 60 kGz - 300 MHz is defined by the strength of their electric and magnetic components, measured in V/m and A/m respectively; and in the frequency band 300 MHz – 300 GHz EMF – by energy-flux density, measured in V/m².

According to ГОСТ 12.1.006-84, EMF strength in the frequency band 60 KHz – 300 MHz at workplaces during the working day must not to override:

According to electric component, W/m
50	60Hz – 3 MHz
20	3 MHz - 30 MHz
10	30 MHz - 50 MHz
5	50 Hz - 300 MHz
According to magnetic component, A/M
5	60 kHz – 1.5 MHz
0.3	30 MHz - 50 MHz

Levels higher than these are permitted unless even higher than doubled and the time of EMF effect on the personnel exceeds 50% of total working time.

The highest permissible EMF energy-flux density is calculated in accordance with the legitimate value of human body energetic pressure and exposure duration, although in all cases the pressure must not exceed 10 V/m², and in condition of X – rays or high indoor temperature (higher 28 ⁰C) – 1 V/m².

Depending on EMF effect conditions as well as radiation source type and location, the following ways and methods of protection are used:

• protection by time

• protection by distance

• decrease of radiation intensity in the radiation source itself

• source shielding

• workplace protection from radiation

• individual protection means

Control over radiation intensity must be carried out at least once a year, with every implementation of new or reconstructed generator sets and labor condition change.

Lecture 9. Ventilation

9.1. Classification of Ventilation Systems

Ventilation is methods and ways which ensure safe meteorological conditions and clean air at permanent workplaces and working areas.

Ventilation is classified according to the following parameters:

• Air movement type: natural, artificial and mixed.

• According to blast direction: blowing, extraction, blowing-extraction.

• According to scene of action: general ventilation, local, mixed.

9.2. Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation occurs as a consequence of wind pressure and thermal head.

Thermal head is the difference in temperatures and consequently that of internal and external air density.

Wind pressure takes place as a result of higher pressure on the windward side and air thinning on the leeward side.

Natural ventilation can be organized or disorganized

Disorganized ventilation is called infiltration – the leakage of air through windows, doors and floorings.

Aeration takes place when windows are open.

Organized natural ventilation is called airing.

For purposes of airing ventducts are made in walls of the building to let in the outside air as well as in the roof and upper parts of the building (these are called lights) in order to remove return air.

Baffles (special nozzles) are installed over exhaust ducts to increase natural traction at the expense of wind energy. When the wind flows over the baffle, thinning occurs on 5/7 of its surface, as a result of which traction in exhaust ducts increases.

Baffle diameter is calculated in accordance with the formula:

D = 0.0188√L_d / (0.4*V_b)

where, L_{d –} Baffle productivity, m³/h

V_b – wind velocity, m/s

The natural ventilation has the advantage of being inexpensive and easy to operate. Its disadvantage is that the air arrives unpurified and return air pollutes the environment.

9.3. Artificial Ventilation

Mechanical ventilation allows purifying the air before returning it to the atmosphere, processing the incoming air (purifying, warming, moisturizing) and forwarding it directly to the workplace.

General ventilation

General ventilation ensures the creation of proper microclimate and air purification in the whole working area.

If gases and steams whose density is higher than air density are emitted indoors of industrial premises, general ventilation must remove 60% of air from the bottom layer of the area and of 40% from its top. If gas density is lower than air density, the removal of polluted air takes place in the top layer only.

Blowing ventilation

Blowing ventilation includes an air purifying filter, a heater, a ventilator, air duct nets and blowing nipples with nozzles.

Air inlets must be placed in areas where the air is not polluted with gases and dust. They must be installed not lower than 2m from the floor level, 6 m lower from discharge ducts vertically and no closer than 25m horizontally.

Extraction Ventilation

Extraction ventilation consists of a purifier, a ventilator, central and aspirating air ducts.

After purification air must be thrown out at a height no less than 1m above the top of the roof. Air ducts must not be installed in windows directly.

In industrial conditions blowing-extraction ventilation with general blowing into the working area and local extraction of harmful substances from places of their formation is the most common.

At a shop floor, where there are significant amounts of harmful gases, steams and dust, extraction must be 10% more intensive than blowing in order to prevent harmful substances from moving to other, safer, workplaces.

Local ventilation

Local blowing ventilation is carried out when concentrated blowing air is provided in the form of air showers, air and air-thermal curtains.

Local blowing ventilation is concentrated blowing air that has preset parameters (temperature, humidity, wind velocity). Air showers, air and air- thermal curtains.

Air douches function in hot workshops where air oases are created.

Air and air - thermal curtains prevent cold air from penetration into the building. Heated blasts of air are supplied in door and gate slots.

Local extraction ventilation is represented by local extraction hoods, suction boards, extraction hoods and lateral exhausts.

Fig.1.1. Extraction hoods

Fig. 1.2. Extraction hoods

Fig. 1.3. Suction boards

Fig.1.4. Lateral exhausts

The construction of local extraction must ensure the highest possible suction of harmful substances at the minimum amount of air extracted.

Emergency ventilation

Emergency ventilation is an independent ventilation construction that has to ensure the safety explosive- and fire hazard industry that uses harmful substances.

For automatic launching, emergency ventilation is blocked with automatic gas analyzers that are installed on BL level.

Emergency ventilation is always extraction ventilation to prevent harmful substances from penetration to adjacent workplaces.

Emergency ventilation with continuing exhaust must be at least 8 times greater.

9.4. Lateral Exhaust Calculation

The volume of air exhausted from hot bath:

L=K_zK_tB(ψ(T_r - T_p)/gB³(3T_p))^0.051*3600

where K_z stock factor that depends on steam toxicity

K_t addition factor for air exhaust from bath ends

B dimensionless performance (single-flange B=0.35, for double – flange B=0.5)

Ψ free angle of suction between bath mirror and protecting structure (shield, wall, floor),

T_r, T_p absolute temperatures of bath liquids and indoor air

g – acceleration of free fall

K_t = (1+B/41)² for single-flange exhaust

K_t = (1+B/81)² for double-flang exhaust

9.5. Basic Ventilation System Requirements

1. The creation of standardized meteorological conditions in the working area.

2. To completely remove harmful gases, steams, dust and aerosols from the working area or dissolve them to BL.

3. Not to bring polluted air from the outside or from adjacent workplaces.

4. Not to create draughts and rapid cooling at workplaces.

5. To be easily accessible for control and repair during operation.

6. Not to create additional difficulties (noise, vibration) during operation.

Lecture 10. Industrial Illumination

10.1. Importance of Industrial Illumination

Light is an important stimulator of not only eyesight but the entire organism as well. For a human being day and night, light and dark determine biorhythm, periods of vivacity and sleep. Thus, lack of illumination or its excess cause a reduction in central nervous system excitation and, naturally, reduce the intensity of all vital processes.

It is common knowledge that 80% of all information are perceived visually, thus its quality absolutely depends on illumination.

Rational illumination is an important factor in general industrial culture.

The lighting condition of industrial area plays an important role in occupational injury prevention. Foreign researchers have established that more than 20% of occupational accidents are result of poor illumination.

Depending on the peculiarities of human eyesight, the following illumination requirements have been established for industrial buildings:

Illumination must be sufficient on the working surface so that depending on its reflection factor there is sufficient brightness for distinction.

Working surfaces must be illuminated evenly.

The contrast of surfaces illuminated must be sufficient for the distinction of details.

Sources of light and the reflected working surface must not be blinding.

Illumination has to ensure labor safety.

10.2. Basic Light Engineering Notions

The illumination of industrial buildings is characterized by quantitative and qualitative parameters. The main quantitative parameters include: light flux, light intensity, brightness and illumination.

The main qualitative measures of optic labor conditions include: background, contrast between subject and background, visibility.

Light flux (F) is the intensity of light that is evaluated by human eyesight in accordance with light sensation.

Light intensity (I) is a magnitude defined by the ratio between light flux (F) and solid angle (w) within which light flux is equally allocated:

I = F/W, cd (candela).

Brightness (B) is the ratio of light intensity that is emanating from surface element into proper direction to shining surface area: B=I/S*cosα, nit, where I - is light intensity emanating from surface into proper direction; S is surface area, α is angle between normal of surface element S and direction to which the brightness is determined.

Illumination (E) is the ratio of light flux (F) that falls on surface element to surface area of this element (S):

E = F/S, lux

Background is the surface adjacent to the object of distinction on which it is observed.

Background is considered light when p>0.4, medium when p>0.2-0.4 and dark when p<0.2.

Contrast between subject and background is characterized by the balance of the brightness of the object observed (dot, line and sign) and background.

K = (B₀ – B_f)/B_f

Where B₀ and B_f are brightness of object and background, nit.

Contrast is considered big when k>0.5, medium when k = 0.2 – 0.5 and small when k<0.2.

10.3. Basic Illumination Hygienic Requirements

• optimal brightness of the workplace

• uniformity of illumination

• absence of sharp difference between the brightness of working surface and that of the environment

• absence of lighting source dazzle

10.4. Natural Illumination

Natural Illumination:

• side illumination (one- or two - sided)

• uniformity of illumination

• overhead illumination through lanterns or slots in roofs or floorings

• combined – combination of overhead and side illumination

Natural illumination is of great physiological and hygienic importance to personnel. It is beneficial for their organs of sight, stimulates physiological processes, intensifies metabolism and improves body development in general. It also has psychological effect by creating the feeling of direct connection to the environment in personnel.

Its disadvantages are: it is unsteady in the daytime and at night, in different seasons and in different weather; it is unevenly distributed in the working area; it may also cause dazzling if arranged improperly.

The following factors affect brightness level in conditions of natural illumination: light climate, square and direction of light openings, degree of glass cleanness, wall and ceiling color depth of the room.

Since natural illumination is unsteady throughout the day, its quantitative estimation is made according to a relative index:

QNI = Е_int/Е_ext*100%

Where Е_int – brightness in the given point indoors, created by sky light;

Е_ext – brightness of horizontal surface created simultaneously outdoors by the light of entire sky.

Standard values of QNI are established by ДБН В.2.5-28-2006.

10.5. Artificial Illumination

Artificial Illumination:

• general: even and uneven

• combined: consists of general and local

• local: concentrates light flux at workplaces

Local illumination is forbidden to use since it creates the danger of industrial injuries or occupational diseases.

According to functional characteristics, artificial illumination is divided into working, emergency, evacuation, security and tell-tale illumination.

Working illumination facilitates the industrial process, people movement, transport movement and is necessary in all industrial buildings.

Emergency illumination ensures work continuation when switching on working illumination can cause explosion, fire or poisoning. The minimal illumination of working surfaces under emergency illumination has to be 5% of working illumination, but no less than 2 luxes.

Evacuation illumination is to ensure people evacuation from the building when there is an emergency shutdown of working illumination. The minimal illumination is 0.5 lux indoors and no less than 0.2 luxes in opened areas.

Illumination of doghouses and industrial buildings has to satisfy the requirements of ДБН В.2.5-28-2006. All the buildings are to have natural illumination.

Illumination norm depends on optical work whose accuracy is defined by the smallest object of distinction.

It is advisable to use combined illumination during different kinds of works: lamps of local illumination create high illumination of the working surface and lamps of general illumination even brightness in the field of vision.

Brightness has to be even within the field of vision. Uneven illumination at working place must not be greater that 1.3 and 1.5 in passageways.

Boiler-room is provided with sufficient natural illumination and at night – with electric lighting.

Table 10.1.

Area	E, lux
Control panels, measuring instruments on equipment and heat dashboards, water level gages	300
Computer room	200
Boiler fronts, smoke exhaust rooms, ventilators, electric rooms	100
Maintenance floor, passageways behind boilers	50
Corridors, ladders	5
Panel rooms	300

Apart from working illumination boiler-rooms must have emergency lighting with independent power feed.

10.6. Artificial Illumination Sources

Incandescent and gas-discharge lamps are widespread as artificial illumination sources.

Incandescent lamps are characterized by simple construction and production, low price, easy exploitation, wide voltage and power ranges.

Drawbacks:

• high brightness (dazzle effect)

• low light efficiency (7 – 20 lumen/ watt)

• relatively low operation life (to 2.5 thousand hours)

• yellow – red rays domination comparatively with natural light

• high reheat temperature(to 140C that makes them fire-hazardous)

Incandescent lamps are usually used for local illumination and for areas where personnel stay temporarily.

Gas-discharge lamps emanate optical range light resulting from an electric discharge in rare gas and metal steam environment as well as luminescence.

Advantages:

• economy, light efficiency 40-100 lumen/ watt

• operation life up to 10 thousand hours

• any spectrum guarantee

• reheat temperature – 30-60⁰C

Drawbacks:

• light flux pulsation that can cause stroboscopic effect and the optical effect of moving objects

• complicated switching system

• relatively expensive

• a significant period between switching on and striking.

Gas-discharge lamps can be of high (fluorescent) or low pressure. Fluorescent lighting is used for doghouse and industrial building illumination. However, they can not be used in conditions of low temperature.

Gas-discharge lamps of high pressure are used if there is a need of high light efficiency, light source compactness and stability despite adverse environment conditions.

The system of general or combined illumination is designed for all industrial buildings. Working surface illumination represented by lamps of general illumination in the system of combined illumination must be no less than 10% of normal for combined, but not lower than 150 lux at gas-discharge lamps and 50 lux at incandescent lamps. Among such types of lamps the most widespread are metal-halide lamps (MHL), mercury-arc lamp (MAL) and sodium lamps.

10.7. Lamps

Lamp is a light device that consists of light source (bulb) and lighting fittings.

In order to avoid the dazzle effect, the bulb is placed into the fitting that prevents excessive brightness of the source and protects it from the effect of fire- and explosion-hazardous and reactive environment, mechanical failures, dust, dirt and atmospheric precipitates.

Depending on construction, there are the following types of lamps: open (the bulb is not separated from the environment), protected (the bulb is separated with a shell that is no barrier for free air penetration), closed (the shell protects the lamp from large dust particles), dust-tight lamps, water proof lamps, explosion-hazardous lamps, lamps of improved reliability against explosion. Lamps can be of general and local illumination.

10.8. Designing Artificial Illumination Systems

Design involves:

• choice of the system of illumination

• type of lighting source

• lamp type

• choice of location of lighting devices

• calculations

• definition of lamp and bulb power

A system of general or combined illumination is designed for all industrial buildings. The lighting of the working area by lamps of general lighting in the system of combined lighting has to be no less than 10% of combined lightning standard but not lower than 150 lux for gas-discharge lamps and 50 lux for incandescent lamps.

From the economic point of view luminous tube lamps of LB type are the best as they have the highest light efficiency. The minimal height from the floor at which the lamps are to be installed is 2.6 m for a 4-bulb lamp and 3.2 for lamps with 4 and more bulbs.

The selection of a lamp depends of workplace characteristics. For buildings whose walls and ceiling have low reflecting capacity lamps of direct effect are used. For buildings whose walls and ceiling have high reflecting capacity lamps mainly of direct effect are used.

In administrative and office buildings lamps of diffused illumination are common. Lamps must have a proper protection level from conditions of the environment where they are fixed.

10.9. Operation of Lighting Devices

Windows have to be cleaned at least two times a year if dust level is rather low and at least four times if emission of dust is high. The frequency of lamp cleaning is 4 – 12 times a year (depending on dust level).

The level of illumination of controlled places must be checked regularly at least once a year.

The main device for measuring illumination is illuminometer.

Lecture 11. Industrial noise

Industri l noise is a sound or a combination of sounds that are displeasing to a human. Its protracted influence can cause harm to the hearing acuity, the central nervous system and alimentary canal, to the cardiovascular system and respiratory tract. The maximum noise level in the workplace is defined by ГОСТ 12.1.003-83

The admissible spectrum of the sound pressure levels

Table 11.1.

Workplace	Sound pressure level, dB, in the octave bars with the average geometric frequencies, Hz								The sound level, dBA
	63	125	250	500	1000	2000	4000	8000
Rooms for programmers	71	61	54	49	45	42	40	38	50
Rooms for management , working environment	79	70	68	58	55	52	50	49	60
Fixed workplaces in the production rooms	95	87	82	78	75	73	71	69	80

11.1.Protective methods against noise

Noise mitigation by sound absorption and soundproofing

The noise source is placed into a casing, which is covered inside with the acoustical absorbents. The variety of this method is the control cab.

The sound insulating ability of the casing cabin is defined by:

Rn.cas = Lcas+ 10lgScas /Sdg

Lcas=L – R cas+ 10 lg Scas/Sdg;

Where Lneс – the needed noise reduction, dB;

L – noise level before the casing installation , dB;

Rcas– insulating ability of the casing wall, dB;

Scas – casing surface area, m²;

Sdg –imaginary surface area that closely surrounds the source of the noise, m²

Noise mitigation by soundproofing

The method consists in a separate source noise placement, which is isolated from the main one by a sound insulating wall or partition of a less noisy room. Soundproofing also allows the placement of the noise source into a separate cabin. Also, soundproofing can be achieved by placing the operator into a special booth. Soundproofing is also achieved by the installation of the screens and hubcaps. They protect the workplace and a human from the significant impact of the direct sound.

Soundproof ability of the barriers (walls, partitions):

Rbar = L – lgB + 10lgSbar - LN

Then the noise level in an isolated room is:

Lsp= L – Rbar– lgV + 10lgSbar

Where L – sound pressure level in a noisy room, dB;

B – a fixed room contiguous with the noisy one; m²

Sbar – barrier area, m²;

LN – possible noise level in an isolated room, dB;

Soundproof booths

A formula below determines the necessary soundproof ability of the booth:

Rbt = L + lg S/B - LN

Where, L – noise level before the booth installation, dB;

S - is a barrier area , through which noise permeates from a noisy room ( area of the barrier surfaces, except the floor), m² ;

B – a fixed booth room, m²;

LN – possible noise levels in a booth.

Noise reduction by the acoustic treatment of a room

Acoustic treatment consists in the covering of the ceiling and the upper part of the walls with the acoustical absorbent. As a result, the intensity of the removed sound waves is reduced. Additionally, sound absorbing shields, cones, cubes can be suspended and resonator baffles that are actually artificial absorbers can be installed.

Reduction of the sound pressure level after taking acoustic measures in the room in the area of the removed sound.

L = 20lgB₂/B₁, where V1 and V2 – fixed rooms before and after acoustic treatment, which are defined by СНіП II-12-77. A formula below describes the size of the reduction noise level L after the installation of the sound insulating cladding.

where S₂₂ and S₁₁ –surface areas and their sound absorption coefficients before and after revetment.

Lecture 12. Vibration

The high powered electric machines with the high speed of rotation operate in the electric power stations.

These machines cause vibration and noise that negatively affect the workers.

At low frequencies (3-100 Hz) with a large amplitude (0,5-0,003 mm) a human perceives oscillation as a vibration.

Vibration can be local and general.

12.1. Vibration effect on a human

Vibration influence on a human depends on the vibration parameters, the direction of its action, places of its impact, and also on the individual characteristics of a person.

Vibration sets body and its parts into oscillation motion. Regarding the influence on a person vibration is divided into local and general. General vibration causes shaking of a person, the local one brings into oscillation motion only separate parts of the body.

Alimentary canal and the whole organism resonate under the oscillations of 8 Hz frequency, and the human head – under the 17 to 25 Hz frequency. At 40 Hz frequency and up, the body oscillations become far less than the vibrating surface. Vibrations of workplaces with the indicated frequencies are very dangerous, because they can cause mechanical traumas and even a tear of these organs. The systematic influence of general vibration in resonance or near- resonance area can be the reason for the vibration illness – serious disorder of the physical health, usually caused by the vibration effect onto the central nervous system. Migraine, dizziness, bad sleep, lessening of work efficiency, bad feel, poor cardiac health etc, are among these disturbances.

Local vibration causes the spasms of the vessels which begin from the finger phalanxes, and spread over the hand, forearm and engulf the heart vessels.

At the same time the influence of the vibration is seen on the nerve endings, muscular and bone tissues, which causes the violation of skin sensitiveness, ossification of tendons, pains and deposits of salt in joints, which results into the deformation and the reduction of the joints’ mobility.

Vibration illness is regarded to be one of the occupational diseases. Medical treatment is effective only at early stages. In especially difficult cases there are the irreversible changes in an organism, which can result in the disability.

Vibration affects negatively the nervous system, the alimentary canal, muscles, locomotor apparatus, eyesight and hearing. Its protracted action can result into the vibration disease which causes the significant violation of the physiological functions of the whole organism, joints included. Especially harmful vibrations are with the frequency equal to the frequency of the body and its organs (6-9 Hz), hands (30-80 Hz).

Vibration is characterized by such absolute parameters:

By amplitude of displacement (And), m – is the magnitude of the rejection, that fluctuates from the equilibrium position ;

By amplitude of speed (v), m/s;

By amplitude of acceleration (w), m/s2;

By frequency (f ), Hz.

V=2fA; W=2^2A/T2; f=1/T.

where T – the period of oscillation.

Main relative parameter of the vibration is the vibration speed level, dB:

Lv=20lg(V/V₀)

where V – the mean-square value of the vibration speed, m/s;

V₀ – the threshold quantity of the vibration speed – 5*10-8 m/s.

12.2.Vibration Norm Settings

Hygienical estimation of vibration which affects a person in a working environment is carried out with the help of the following methods:

frequency (spectral) analysis of its parameters;

integral estimation of the spectrum of the frequency parameters, that are rationed;

dose of the vibration.

Under the permanent influence of the local and general vibration, the rationed parameter is the mean-square value of vibration speed (v) and the vibration acceleration(a) or their logarithmic levels Lv, La in dB in the range of octave bars with the mean geometric frequencies.

General vibration is rationed taking into account the sources of its origin and is divided into transporting, which arises during the motion of the machines; transport-technological – occurs during the work of the machines which execute technological operations in the stationary position or move on the specially prepared surfaces, and technological, which arises during the work of the stationary machines or is passed into the working places that do not have any sources of vibration.

A person starts feeling the vibration at its speed oscillation of 1 10-4 m/s. General vibration most affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems, causes fatigue, frustration, headache; local vibration causes pain in the joints, hands and fingers.

12.3.Ways of protection against vibration

Protection against vibration consists in its complete removal. When it is impossible to do that then an attempt is made to lower it to the highest admissible level.

Reduction of vibration in the source of its origin – is the replacement of the percussive processes by non-percussive; the static and dynamic balancing; the replacement of metallic details by plastics with the significant internal friction; an application of the resilient insertions and gaskets in the connections; the greasing of the connecting and passing machine knots.

Vibration damper – is the reduction in the vibration level of an object, which is achieved by the transference of mechanical vibrations to the other types of energy, for example, thermal.

The source of vibration is covered by the vibration absorbents with the significant internal friction (the so-called, plastics, soft rubbers, mastics, thick felt, etc.). The use of materials with greater internal friction allows lowering vibration in the range of mean and high frequencies between 8….10 dB.

Vibration extinction – is the reduction of vibration level of machines and aggregates by placing it onto the vibration isolation bases.

Vibration isolation is the process of isolating an object, such as a piece of equipment, from the source of vibrations.

For vibration isolation of the machines with the vertical revolting force vibration insulators of the three kinds: rubber, spring and combined is applied.

Lecture 13. Ultrasound, infrasound and infrared radiation

Ultrasound is widely used in many branches of industry. The sources of the ultrasonic vibrations work in the frequency range of 16 to 80 kHz. Their influence is observed at the distance of 25-50m.

Ultrasound causes the functional disturbances of the nervous system, headache, change of blood pressure and blood properties, the loss of the auditory sensitiveness and fatigue.

The admissible levels of the sound pressure in workplaces under the influence of ultrasound in 1/3 octave mean-geometric frequencies must not exceed the values:

13.1.Admissible levels of the ultrasound

Table 13.1.

Mean-geometric frequency 1/3 octave bars, kHz	12,5	16,0	20,0	26,0	31,5-100
Levels of the sound pressure, dB	80	90	100	106	110

The admissible levels of the ultrasound in the places of contact of the parts of body of the operator with the working machine parts must not exceed 110 dB.

In case of the total effect of the ultrasound from 1 to 4 hours during one shift the normative value can be increased by 6 dB, under its effect from 0,25 to 1 hour– by 12 dB, from 5 to 15 min – by 18 dB, from 1 to 5 min – by 24 dB.

For ultrasound protection sound-proofing is used. Sound-proofing is effective in the high-frequency sphere. Protective shields are set. Ultrasonic settings are placed in a special room, in sound-proof shelters (shelter materials are steel, duralumin, acrylic resin, cloth laminate added to the acoustical absorbents.

The use of the booths of remote control.

In case of the structural influence of ultrasound the protection is provided by vibration isolation (vibration isolation coverage, rubber mittens, carpets).

13.2.Infrasound

Infrasound is the mechanical vibrations of the resilient environment with frequency of 20 Hz and less.

The sources of origin are conveyers, fans, compressors, combustion engines. Actually, vibrations spread over large areas without fading.

The ultrasound effect on a human at the level of 100-120 dB especially at 6-8 Hz frequency, can cause the unpleasant feeling, hearing impairment, nausea, dizziness, disturbances of the vestibular apparatus.

Admissible infrasound norms

2,4,8,16 Hz 105 dB;

32 Hz 102 dB.

Ways of protection:

• reduction of the infrasound level in its origin

• removal of the infrasound causes;

• medical prophylaxis;

• increase of frequency of mechanism rotation ;

• increase in construction inflexibility;

• mufflers’ installation of the resonance type, resonance and chamber.

13.3. Laser radiation protection

Lasers generate the electromagnetic radiation of ultraviolet, visible, infrared ranges at the wave length from 0,2 to 1000 um.

During the exploitation of lasers the human’s organism is influenced by thermal, light, mechanical and electric factors.

The degree of lesion depends on the energy, power, energy radiation density, duration and frequency of the impulses and wave-length. The irradiation of high intensity causes the lesions of skin and parts of the body. It can be very dangerous for eyes.

Protection:

• setting of norms for the boundary admissible levels of radiation;

• protective screen equipment of the settings;

• creation of the mat surfaces for the removal of the laser ray, the use of dark tones;

• use of personal protective equipment (cotton overalls of the light-green and light-blue colors, gloves, orange and blue-green goggles, etc).

13.4. Infrared radiation

Infrared radiation is the electromagnetic radiation between the red end of the visible radiation ( = 0,76 um) and short-wave radio-wave radiation ( = 0,1 mm). The effect of the infrared radiation depends on a wave-length, which stipulates the depth of rays’ penetration. For this reason, the infrared radiation is divided into three spheres – A,B,C.

A– the near (short-wave) has a large skin permeability ;  = 0,76 – 1,4 um.

B - the middle (mean-wave) is absorbed by the corium layers and hypodermic adipose tissue  = 1,4 – 3,0 um.

S – the distant (long-wave) is absorbed by epidermis;  = 3,0 um – 0,1 mm.

Infrared radiation effect on a human body

The infrared radiation influences most the unprotected parts of the body (face, hands, neck, chest etc). It has mainly a thermal effect on a human body, penetrating into the tissues.

At the stream density of 280-560 Vt/m2 a person feels barely noticeable heat which a human body can stand for a long time. 560-1050 Vt/m2 is the limit at which a person can not endure the infrared radiation.

The long lasting influence affects the central nervous and cardiovascular systems (pulse rate is increased, the diastolic and the systolic blood pressure goes down, breathing is precipitated); there is the violation of the thermal balance of the body (overheating or thermal hypothermia); the heat regulation is also violated; perspiration increases, which results in convulsions.

Infrared rays cause conjunctivitis, dimness of eye lens, the burn of retinas.

A formula below describes the intensity of the infrared radiation of q (Vt/m²) from the heated surface.

For rS

q=0,91*S[(T/100)^4-A]/r2

rS

q=0,91*S[(T/100)^4-A]/r

where S – surface area of the radiation, m²;

T- temperature of the radiation surface, ⁰C;

r – distance from the source of radiation, m;

A = 85 – for a skin and cotton fabric; A=110 – for a smooth woolen cloth.

The possible density of the energy stream of the infrared radiation on a workplace for an The sphere should not exceed 100 Vt/m² (at the irradiation of body 50% and more); for a B sphere – 120 Vt/m² (at the value of the surface irradiation of body from 25 to 50%) and for a S sphere –150 Vt/m² (at the irradiation of body no more than 25%). Also the allowed time of irradiation and the breaks’ duration, which are set depending on the density of the radiation stream are rationed.

The admissible density of the infrared radiation stream must not exceed 350 Vt/m².

Ways of protection:

• Lessening a stay in the area of infrared radiation.

• Distance protection;

• Removal of a source of the heat emission and lagging; the covering of the heated surfaces with heat-insulating materials;

• Shielding of the sources of the infrared radiation

• Individual protective equipment; working clothes – smooth woolen cloth, tarpaulin. For eyes yellow-green or dark blue filters are used.

Lecture 14. Electrical safety

Chapter III. ELECTRICAL SAFETY

The amount of the traumas caused by the action of electricity reaches 0,5-1% of the total amount of traumas in industry.

An electrical shock causes 20-40% of the fatal cases in industry. 80% of the fatal cases take place in electrical installations with tension up to 1000 V.

Electrical safety is the system of organizational and technical measures and facilities, which provide protection against the harmful and dangerous influence of the current, voltaic arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.

An electric current effect on a person.

There are following types of an electric current effect on a person – biological, thermal, electrochemical and mechanical.

Biological effect causes the irritation and excitation of the living tissue, violation of bioelectric processes which are related to the vital functions of the human body. It also causes the unconstrained convulsive heart and lungs clonuses that results into the changes of blood circulation and respiratory system and halts their activity.

Thermal effect is the burns of separate parts of the body, heating of blood vessels, nerves, heart and brain that are on the way of the current.

Electrochemical effect is the fission of the organic liquids and blood that is accompanied by the considerable changes of their physical and chemical composition.

Mechanical action is exfoliation, ruptures and impairment of the body tissues as a result of the electro dynamic effect and instantaneous formation of steam.

14.1.Types of electric shock

The influence of the electric current causes electric traumas, which can be local and common, so called electro contacts .

Clearly visible local impairments of the tissue belong to the electric traumas of a voltaic arc origin. Electric traumas are cured and work efficiency of a person is fully or partly renewed.

Electric burns are most widespread electric traumas. They reach 60-65%, 1/3 of which is accompanied by other electric traumas.

Electric marks (signs) are the clearly shaped grey or primrose spots on the skin, which emerge after the electrical current effect.

Electric metallization skin is the penetration of shallow metal pieces, which were fused under the action of voltaic arc into the upper skin layers. The short circuits, disconnections of sockets and knife-switches under loading are the reason for it.

Photoelectric ophthalmology is the inflammation of the iris that is caused by high- powered stream of ultraviolet rays. It is possible to happen while forming the voltaic arc.

Photoelectric ophthalmology develops in 4-8 hours after the infrared irradiation. It leads to inflammation and reddening of the skin, mucous tunic of the eyelids, tears, purulent discharge from eyes, eye spasms and partial loss of eyesight. The victim has headaches and sharp eye pain that increases in the light.

Mechanical damages are the result of an abrupt unconstrained convulsive tic caused by the action of current which passes through a human body. Ruptures of the skin, blood vessels and nervous tissues, joint dislocations and bone fractures are possible as well.

Electric blow is an excitation of living tissue of the body by an electric current that is accompanied by the convulsive clonuses. Such blow can cause the impairment and even complete halt of lungs and heart functions. But sometimes external local damages, electric traumas, are unavailable.

Depending on damage sequences, electric blows can be divided into 5 stages.

Electric blows:

I – slight feel of convulsive tics;

ІІ – convulsive clonuses, sharp pains without the loss of consciousness;

ІІІ - convulsive clonuses with the loss of consciousness, but with functioning of heart and lungs;

ІV – loss of consciousness and impairment of cardiac activity or breathing (or both);

V – clinical death, the absence of breathing and blood circulation.

14.2.Analysis of conditions of electrical shock

All electric shock cases are related to locking a person into an electric circuit, which is a touch of a person to two points of the circuit, between which some potential exists.

Tension between two points of an electrical circuit is called breakaway voltage.

The danger of a breakaway voltage, which is estimated by the size of the electrical current depends on the following factors:

• Circuit closure through the body of a person;

• Voltage of network;

• Circuit of network;

• Neutral terminal mode;

• Degree of isolation of current-carrying parts from the ground;

Capacity value of current-carrying parts in relation to the ground

At the double phase touch to a human body is put linear tension is put, current strength does not depend on the network circuit, neutral terminal mode and other factors and has the upper bound I hum:

I hum =U_Л/R_hum=U_Ф3/1000=380 mA.

The cases of the double phase touch happen very rarely. Among them there is work under voltage at the shields, the replacement of the burnt safety device on a switchboard in a building, the use of the defective individual protective equipment (dielectric mittens with punctures or with broken rubber), the exploitation of electrical installations with fenceless current-carrying parts.

The single-phase touch happens more frequently, but is less dangerous, as the voltage, under which a person is, does not exceed phase voltage and the current strength, which passes through a person is less than at the double phase touch. Besides, the current strength, to a great extent, is dependent on the neutral terminal mode of a transformer, isolation resistance of the wires in relation to the ground, resistance of floor (or foundation ), which a man stands on, and on other factors as well.

Ihum = Uf / (Rhum)=220/1000 = 220 mA

At the person’s touch to the phase wire of the three-phase wire network with a grounded neutral terminal, the circle, which a current passes through, consists of human’s body resistance Rhum, shoes Rsh, floor Rfl, and also the resistance of a neutral ground of transformer R0. Current strength, which passes through a man, I_hum, is determined:

Ihum = Uf / (Rhum + Rsh + Rfl + R0)

During the most serious cases (a man touches to the phase, his shoes carry a current, he stands on the ground, metallic floor or on the grounded metallic construction) when Rsh=0, Rfl=0, and the resistance of a grounded neutral R0 is far less than the humans’ body resistance and can be neglected , the current that passes through a body Ihum will be determined in the following way:

Ihum = Uf / (Rhum)=220/1000 = 220 mA

If a man has the shoes on, that do not carry any current ( e.g. leather ones, resistance is evened Rsh = 100 000 Ohm), and stands on the isolated basis (to the wooden floor resistance of which Rfl = 30 0000 Ohm), then current strength, which passes through a man, will be determined:

Ihum = UF / (Rhum + RVsh+ Rfl + R0) =

220/(1000+100 000+ 30 000)  1.7 mA

During person’s touch to the wire of the three-phase three-wire network with an isolated, neutral current passes through the body of a man into the ground, goes back to the source of the current through the isolation resistance and wire capacity of the network in relation to the ground.

Taking into account the human body resistance Rhum, shoes resistance Rsh, floor resistance Rfl, isolation and wire resistance Ris, a current which passes through a person, if the capacity of wires is low , that is S0 (air networks of small length) is determined:

Ihum = UF / (Rhum + Rsh + Rfl + Ris/3)

The worst case is when a man has his shoes on, which carry current, and stands on the floor that carries it as well, that is, when the shoes’ and the floor’s resistance equals 0: =0 =0, a current which passes through a man is defined the following way:

Ihum = Uf / (Rhum+ Ris/3).

In this case imperceptible current in a network with the phase voltage Uf=220 and isolation resistance of a phase Ris=500Ohm, will pass through a person

Ihum= Uf / (Rhum + Ris/3) = 220/(1000+166667)=1.3 mA

In the networks with an isolated neutral terminal, which have a minor capacity between the wires and the ground, the danger of an electric shock depends on the isolation resistance of the wires in relation to the ground. If the isolation resistance of the wires reduces, the danger of an electric shock grows.

The touch to a single phase is likely to happen while working under voltage without any protective equipment, during the use of devices with bad isolation of current-carrying parts and transition of the voltage to the metallic parts of equipment.

14.4. Step voltage

Step voltage depends on:

• Distance from a person to the closure point on the ground. The longer the distance, the lower step voltage and the danger of an electric shock are.

• The size of a step. The greater the step, the bigger the difference of potentials and the danger of an electric shock are.

• Quality and size of shoes. The use of dielectric or overshoes, rubbers reduces step voltage and the danger of an electric shock.

• Specific resistance of soil, which a person stands on. The paving of soil, the isolation of floor reduces step voltage and danger of an electrical shock.

It is important to come from step voltage in small steps and without tearing away a leg from soil or jumping, pushing off by both feet simultaneously.

Touch voltage Ut is the difference of potentials of the two points of the electric circuit which are simultaneously touched by a man.

Ut = Ip*Rp where, Ip– current which passes through a man on the way of “hand-leg”. While touching the frame of the first electric motor a man finds himself under touch voltage, which equals the difference of potentials of a ground <sup>`</sup> and earth point ``, where a man is found, that is Ut= `- ``. While touching the second engine, touch voltage equals Ut= `- 0 = `. It is the most dangerous case since voltage reaches the maximal value.

During the normal mode of operations of the electrical installations an admissible value is Ut = 2 In, and the current that passes through a man, should not exceed 0.3 mA . During the malfunction, that is at the appearance of voltage on the non-current parts of the appliances because of the isolation break, admissible value Ut= 36 V, and Ih=6 mA (at action more than 1 s), the same parameters for domestic electrical appliances are 12 V and 2 mA.

14.4.Causes of electrical accidents

Voltage on installation and machine parts, which are not found under voltage in the normal modes of exploitation (frame, body), touch to the parts and wires which are not isolated.

Formation of the voltaic arc between current-carrying parts of installation and a man;

For the removal of this reason minimum admissible distances from current-carrying parts and a man are set:

At 15 kV 0,7m

At 220kV 3,0m

Step voltage on a ground surface as a result of wires’ locking onto the ground;

Erroneous personnel handling machines, lack of control over electric installations which are under voltage and other organizational causes.

14.5.Hardware of safe exploitation at the normal modes of operations

Electric isolation:

Barrier devices

Blocking

Placement of current-carrying parts on an unattainable height

Low voltage

Potential equalization

Protective network distribution

The isolation of current-carrying elements of equipment is divided into: working, additional and double.

Working – electric isolation of current-carrying parts of an electrical installation which provides its normal work and protection against electrical shock;

Additional – isolation which is additionally set to the working isolation in case of damage of working isolation;

Double – isolation which consists of working and additional one.

Low voltage no more than 42 V (12 V, 36 V) is used for low-powered devices and appliances – portable lamps, local lightning, electric tools while working under hazardous and especially dangerous conditions. Low voltage of alternating current is obtained by means of step-down transformers or accumulators. An application of one-coil transformers (LATR) for this purpose is impermissible.

The barrier and blocking devices are used for the contact breaking switching-off.

Switchboards, tires, electric devices are placed into control cabinets which are shut by the closed sheeting. The cages are used in electrical installations, which are accessible only to the competent electrical engineering personnel. Fenceless current-carrying parts of electrical equipment (trolley wires, contact networks) are placed at a height not lower than 3.5 m above the floor.

Blocking reliably eliminates the possibility of a casual touch to the parts, which are located in special rooms, control cabinets and boxes. The enclosure can be taken off only after breaking contact by means of blocking devices.

Blocking is divided into mechanical and electric.

Electric partition of circuit

Network partition into separate areas electrically unconnected ones with the help of a switch transformer.

A circuit is divided into small areas (2...6 m), the capacity of condenser (wire-ground) is low here (S0) due to the short length of circuit, therefore capacity resistance of electric wires in relation to ground is high:

H so as HS1/2fS, where f is current frequency.

This way the general high level of wire isolation by a switch transformer, independent of the pure isolation resistance is achieved.

At the isolation disruption in the current collector and touch of a man to the frame. The current which is determined by a circuit voltage divided by the resistance HS will pass through it, that is the current through a man is low and causes no harm.

14.6.Hardware of safe exploitation in case of a malfunction.

1. Protective ground connection

2. Nullifying

3. Protective switching off

4. System of electro protective facilities

Protective ground connection – is an intentional electric connection of metallic non current-carrying parts, which can be under voltage, with the ground or its equivalent The purpose of the protective ground connection – is danger prevention from an electric current at the appearance of voltage on a frame and on structural electrical equipment.

Principle of the protective ground connection is lessening of step voltage caused by frame locking to the safe values.

If the frame (case) is not earthed, the touch to it will be as dangerous as the touch to the phase. If the case is grounded then it is under voltage _Ug:

Uc =I_g * Rg

Fig.2. Protective ground connection

A current flows through two parallel links under the action of touch voltage

Ut = ` - ``= `*₁ *₂

₁ - coefficient of touch voltage includes the type of potential curve

₁ = 0.1...0.35

₂ - coefficient which includes the voltage decay in place resistance where a person is standing.

₂ = RL/[RL + (1.5..2)] depending on soil ₂ =0.31...0.9

Touch voltage does not exceed 12 V and provides the safety

Ip=Ut/Rp=12/1000=12 mA.

Protective ground connection is used for

- all electrical installations at the nominal voltage of 380 V and higher alternating current and 440V and higher direct current;

- electrical installations with the nominal voltage higher than 42 V of an alternating current, which function in hazardous conditions;

-all electrical installations in explosive areas.

Nullifying is an intentional electric connection with a zero protective conductor of metallic non current-carrying parts which can be under voltage.

The principle of nullifying is the transformation of breaking-down on a cage into the mono phase short circuit in order to cause a high-tension current that is able to provide protection by the automatic switching off from a circuit.

For the rapid and reliable switching off:

Is.c.  kInom

k=1.1 for circuit breakers, electromagnetic replicators;

k=1.25 for others;

k= 4 for safety fuses.

Un.max.= IC_.g *z_n

Voltage on a cage should not exceed the admissible touch voltage (42V and in especially unfavorable conditions 12V)

Protective switch off is the system of instant protection, which automatically disconnects (after 0,2s or less) an electrical installation in case of an electrical shock danger caused by an electric current.

The system of an automatic switch off starts up:

during phase locking on a cage;

lessening of isolation resistance of phases in relation to the ground;

h uman touch to the current carrying parts of electrical equipment.

14.7.System of electrical protective agents

Electrical protective agents – are portable preservers, designed for those who work with electrical installations in order to protect them against an electrical shock, against the action of voltaic arc and electromagnetic field.

Electrical protective agents are divided into іsolating, blocking and additional (auxiliary).

Isolation protective agents are used for the isolation of a person from the ground and also from the parts of electrical equipment, which are found under voltage. These are the following:

- isolation and measure poles

- poles for imposition of the temporal portable grounding;

- isolation and electrical-type instrument;

- voltage pointers;

- dielectric mittens, boats and rubbers;

- rubber carpets, paths, supports;

- isolation hubcaps and protective straps;

- isolation stairs.

Isolation protective agents are divided into main and auxiliary.

Main agents reliably maintain working voltage of the electrical installations, they enable a touch to the current-carrying parts which are found under voltage.

Additional agents can not provide safety for the staff under given voltage, and are only an additional protective means.

Barrier protective agents are intended for the temporal barrier of current-carrying parts of equipment. Among them are portable barriers and temporary ground. Conditionally portable precautionary posters are included as well.

Auxiliary protective agents are intended for personnel protection from a fall down (preventive belts and insure ropes), for the safe climbing up (stairs, claws), and also for protection against light, thermal, mechanical and chemical influence (protective glasses, gas-masks, mittens, overall).

14.8.Requirements for the personnel

I group – persons without special electrical engineering training but aware of the electrical shock danger and safety measures during their work.

ІІ group – persons with basic technical knowledge who realize electrical shock danger while approaching current-carrying parts and are familiar with the main safety measures while working with electrical installations and are capable of giving first aid as well.

ІІІ group - persons who are obliged to know the structure of electrical installations and are able to operate them; who realize the possible danger and know the common rules of safety regulations, work tolerance rules of 1000В and special rules of safety regulations of those types of operations which are in competence of a worker; persons who are to provide a supervision of those dealing with electrical installations, and to give first aid.

ІV group - persons who have knowledge of the electrical engineering in the range of the specialized training and realize the danger while working with electrical installations; who have a thorough knowledge of safety regulations , structure of an installation and are aware of what elements exactly must be turned off for the safe work execution; who are capable of checking up the implementation of the necessary measures within safety regulations, organizing safe work execution and carrying out the supervision of 1000V installations; who are familiar with charts and area equipment, who are able to teach the personnel of other groups the rules of safety regulations and to give first aid.

V group – persons who are obliged to know all charts and area equipment, safety regulations in general and special parts; who realize the motive of such rules’ requirement ; who are able to organize safe work execution and supervision; who can teach the personnel of other groups the rules of Safety regulations and give first aid.

14.9. Organization of safe exploitation of electrical installations

The safe exploitation of electrical installations is carried out pursuant to rules of technical installation exploitation of users and НПАОП 0.00-1.21-98 “Rules for safe electrical installations exploitation of users”.

While carrying out operations with or without voltage elimination on current-carrying parts and nearby, the organizational and technical measures should be taken.

The organizational measures include:

• work registration access warrant, decree or the list of tasks, performed in order of current exploitation;

• leave for work;

• supervision during work;

• break registration during work;

• move to a different workplace.

Access warrant is the task of the safe work execution, designed on the special form of the standard form. It defines contents, place of work execution, time of its beginning and ending, safe execution conditions, the group of workers responsible for the safe work execution.

People who are responsible for the safe work execution are: - the person that gave out a warrant; - the person who gives a decree; - the person, that admits to work; - a director ; - an executive; - an observer; - a member of a brigade.

All tasks carried out in electrical installations without a warrant are executed:

- by authorized persons registered in a log book;

- in order of current exploitation with a subsequent record in a log book.

Decree is a task of work execution that defines its content, place, time and safety measures. It is valid for one occasion, is given for one type of work and is used during one shift.

According to a decree we can execute:

• unscheduled urgent work of 1 hour duration;

• tasks without a voltage elimination of one shift duration, which are distant from current-carrying parts under voltage;

• work with a voltage elimination from electrical installations under voltage of 1000V and one shift duration.

Current exploitation is a work process, freely conducted by the executive personnel that are allocated to the area during one shift and according to a special list.

The organizational measures in this case include planning of the work list regarding specific conditions for electric facilities.

The technical measures that provide safety of works conducted with voltage elimination include;

• a needed switch-off and preventive measures to excessive voltage in the workplace as a result of erroneous or arbitrary turn-on of a switching unit;

• A hang-out of inhibition posters on levers of manual control and on the remote control keys of switching unit (submachine guns, knife-switches, switches);

• Voltage poverty check up on current-carrying parts;

• imposition of grounding;

• a hang out of preventive and ascribing placards, and enclosure of workplaces and current-carrying parts which stay under voltage.

According to GOST 12.1.030-81 to protective grounding or nullifying subject:

• all electrical installations under nominal voltage of 380V and higher alternating current and 440В and higher direct current;

• electrical installations with nominal voltage higher than 42V an alternating current, which function in hazardous and especially dangerous conditions;

• all electrical installations in explosive areas.

Lecture 15. Fire safety

Chapter IV. FIRE SAFETY

Fire is an uncontrolled process of burning, which leads to the loss of material values and can be dangerous for human life.

Open fire, sparks, higher temperature, toxic products of burning, smoke, low oxygen content , destruction of houses and buildings refer to the dangerous factors of fires and explosions, which can result in a trauma, poisoning, death or material losses.

15.1. Process of burning and explosion

Burning is the exothermic reaction of substance oxidization, which is accompanied by flame, luminescence, and smoke.

Fire breaks out when combustible substance, an oxidant and source of lighting are present.

There are two types of burning: complete, with a sufficient amount of oxidant, and incomplete - at the shortage of oxidant. Combustible and toxic products appear at the incomplete burning (oxide of carbon, aldehydes).

Burning is divided into flash, ignition, inflammation, spontaneous combustion and spontaneous ignition.

Flash is a rapid combustion of combustible substance, which is not accompanied by formation of constrained gas.

Combustion is the initial stage of burning under the influence of the inflammation source.

Inflammation is the ignition which is accompanied by flame.

Spontaneous combustion – is a phenomenon of the speed acceleration of exothermic reactions, which causes a sudden temperature increase and burning of matters in default of any inflammation source.

Spontaneous ignition is a spontaneous combustion which is accompanied by appearance of flame.

Burning can be accompanied by a fire and explosion.

Explosion – is a rapid transformation of matter (explosive burning) which is accompanied by the burst of energy and formation of shock wave. A shock wave spreads before the front of flame, at the speed of 330 m/s. Danger of explosion depends on the explosion pressure, speed of pressure increase at the explosion, splintered and high-explosive properties of the explosive environment. In some cases, especially in pipes, when distribution speed of a shock wave exceeds the speed of the sound, the explosion can pass into detonation,. During detonation of gas mixtures the speed of the distribution of a shock wave equals to (1-3)*103 m/s, and pressure in front of a shock wave is 1-5 MPa.

15.2. Explosion-proof indices of matters (substances).

Explosion-proof indices of substances and materials are defined with the purpose of gain of main data for the development and compilation of the explosion-proof system. They are used for the analysis of the fire danger; for classification of dangerous freights; for the choice of category of rooms and buildings pursuant to the requirements of norms of the technological design, and also with the purpose of the realization of technical supervision on materials and wires production and their further use.

To the indexes of fire explosiveness of substances and materials belong: the combustibility group, flash temperature, combustion temperature, the lower and upper concentration borders of flame distribution, the conditions of thermal combustion.

Group of combustibility is the classification description of matters (materials) on combustibility, which is determined by the set terms of tests.

Due to combustibility, matters and materials are divided into three groups:

Noncombustible (can not be burned) – under fire effect or high temperature they do not flash, rot and char. Some noncombustible matters can be highly explosive, for example, oxidants or substances, that secrete combustible products at interaction with water, air oxygen or with each other;

heavily burnt – under the fire effect or high temperature they flash, smolder, char and when the ignition source is available they continue to burn, to smolder or to char , and after their burning is put out or smoldering is halted;

combustible (can be burnt) – under the fire effect or high temperature they flash, smolder , char and after the ignition source is put out they continue to burn, to smolder, or char.

The temperature of flash is the lowest temperature of a combustible substance, at which fumes or gases appear above the substance surface and are able to blaze up from the ignition source, but speed of their formation is still insufficient for the steady burning.

According to flash temperature we can distinguish:

Flammable liquids ( L) are the ones whose flash temperature does not exceed 610С ( in closed crucible), and they are able to burn after the removal of the ignition source on their own ;

Burnt liquids ( BL) are the ones whose flash temperature is more than 610С, and they are able to burn after the removal of the ignition source on their own ;

Combustion is the beginning of burning under the effect of the ignition source.

Combustion temperature is the lowest substance temperature, at which liquids produce combustible fumes and gases at such a speed that after their inflammation there is a stable flame burning.

Temperature of spontaneous combustion - the lowest substance temperature, at which the speed of exothermic reactions increases significantly which leads to the flame burning.

The degree of the fire explosiveness of combustible gases is determined by the concentration borders of the flame spread.

The low concentration border of the flame spread is a minimal amount of combustion in an environment which can cause the flame spread at any distance from the ignition source.

A high concentration border is a maximal amount of combustion matter in an environment, above which a mixture is not apt to the flame spread.

Smoldering temperature is substance temperature, at which the significant increase of exothermic reaction speed of oxidization occurs, which results in smolder.

The temperature of fire-fang is the lowest substance temperature, at which the willful process of its heating does not result into smoldering or flame burn.

Explosion and burning capacity under interaction with water, air oxygen and other matters –is a qualitative index, which characterizes a special fire danger of some matters by GOST 12.1.044-84. These properties are taken into account while defining the production category which accords a fire danger of­­ ОНТП 24-86.

GOST12.1.004-91 «Fire safety» sets an order of the compatible preservation of substances and materials that are apt to the explosion and burning. They are divided into 6 groups:

1. Substances that are apt to the formation of explosive mixtures: potassium nitric acid, potassium chlorate etc.

2. constrained and fluid gases:

а) burnt and highly explosive - acetylene, hydrogen, propane;

b) inert and not put out- argon, nitrogen, helium;

c) gases which sustain burning - oxygen, compressed and liquidized air.

3. Self-igniting from water and air substances: potassium, sodium, aluminum dust, zinc dust etc.

4. Flammable burnt substances:

а) liquids - petrol, acetone, alcohol;

b) solid substances - celluloid, naphthalene.

5. substances that can cause combustion: bromine, sulphur acid, potassium aluminate.

6. Easily burnt substances - cotton, hay, peat, sulphur, vegetable and animal soot

The compatible preservation of substances and materials which belong to different groups is not allowed. The exception is made for substances that are in groups 2b and 2c.

15.3. Classification of objects based on their fire and explosion-proof

Elucidation of category of rooms and buildings are used for production and warehousing needs is a basis for setting normative requirements for providing fire and explosion-proof of the rooms and buildings.

According to the ОНТП 24-86 rooms and buildings are divided into categories: A, Б, В, Г, Д depending on the placed technological manufactures and properties of substances and materials which are used or produced there.

To the A category belong the rooms with combustible and flammable liquids with the flash temperature that does not exceed 28⁰С, and also the substances and materials that can burst and burn at interaction with water, oxygen or with each other; during the formation of the explosive mixtures calculation surplus pressure that exceeds 5 cPa is developed.

To the Б category includes rooms with dust, fibre and flammable liquids with the flash temperature over 28⁰С and such an amount of combustible liquids that can cause an explosive stream-air and dust-air mixtures whose combustion develops calculation surplus pressure that exceeds 5 cPa.

To the В category belong the rooms where there are combustible and heavily-combustible liquids, solid combustible and heavily-combustible substances and materials which can burn at the interaction with water, air oxygen, air and with each other.( only if these rooms are not included into the A or B category).

To the Г category belong the rooms where there are noncombustible substances and materials in the hot, red-hot or molten state, and also combustible gases, liquids and solid substances which are burnt or utilized as a fuel; the process of their treatment is accompanied by the formation of the radial warmth, sparks and flame.

The Д category includes the rooms with noncombustible substances and materials in a cold state.

15.4. Classification of explosive and fire-proof areas. Rules of electrical equipment installation in these areas

ПБЕ classifies industrial premises and outdoor facilities for explosion and fire hazard zones and in accordance with the classification regulates electrical appliances installation.

According to the ПБЕ ( "Rules of electrical installation structure), explosive facilities and outdoor settings are divided into: steam-air and gas-air explosive environments, which form the explosive zone grades 0, 1, 2, and dust-air - explosive zone grades 20, 21, 22.

An explosive zone is the space in which the allocation of combustible gases , easy-flammable liquids (LZR), or burning dust from the lower concentration limit of ignition (NKMZ)  65 g / m ^{3 .}are possible. Subject to movements in the building blends in volume exceeding 5% of the volume space, such premises are related to explosives, and if the explosive volume equals or is less than 5% of the volume space, it refers to the volatile area within 5m vertically and horizontally from the apparatus, which emits combustible substances. For outside installations these dimensions can be from 0.5 to 20 m depending on the conditions of formation of explosive atmosphere.

Explosive zone class 0 - space in which explosive atmosphere is present continuously or for long periods.

Explosive zone class 0 in accordance with the requirements of this section may occur only within technological equipment

Explosive zone 1 class - space in which explosive atmosphere may be formed during normal operation (hereinafter referred to as a normal job - a situation where the installation operates according to its calculation parameters).

Explosive zone class 2 - space in which explosive atmosphere under normal operating conditions is missing, but if it occurs, it is rare and does not last long. In these cases, catastrophic failure (rupture of high pressure pipelines or reservoirs of large capacity) should not be considered during the design of electrical installations.

Incidence and duration of the explosive gas environment steam-air environment are determined by the rules (norms) of related industries.

Explosive zone class 20 - the space, which at the time of normal operation in a combustible dust cloud is present continuously or often in the quantity sufficient enough to create dangerous concentrations of a mixture of air and (or) space, where layers of dust can create unforeseen or excessive thickness . Of course, it takes place inside the equipment where dust can form explosive mixtures frequently and for a long term.

Explosive zone class 21 - the space in which, during normal operation, the emergence of cloud-like dust in sufficient quantity to form an explosive mixture with air concentration is possible.

This area may include space near the place filled with powder or subsidence and space, where during normal operation the emergence of dust layers, which can form dangerous concentrations of explosive dust and air mixture is possible.

Explosive zone class 22 - the space in which combustible dust in a suspended state may appear infrequently and for a short period of time or in which layers of dust can be explosive and form explosive mixtures in the event of an accident.

This area may include space near the equipment that keeps dust, which can be released by flowing out and form dust.

In determining the amount of explosive zones in the premises we should consider:

1) during the design of explosive facilities, measures that would ensure a minimum number and size of explosive zones should be provided;

2) at estimated excessive pressure of explosion of gas and steam-air explosive mixture, which is more than 5kPa, the explosive zone takes up the whole volume of the premises

3) volatile area of classes 20, 21, 22 occupies the entire volume of space;

4) at the current explosion of overpressure gas and steam-air explosive mixture that is equal to or less than 5 kPa, explosive area zone is part of the volume of space and is determined in accordance with the process of designing, or calculated in accordance with ГОСТ 12.1.004-91.; In the absence of data it is allowed to take the volatile area within 5 m vertically and horizontally from the technological apparatus from which the possible release of flammable gases or vapors LZR may occur;

5) at the current explosion overpressure in the building, which exceeds 0.5 kPa, there is no volatile area;

6) at the current excess pressure air and dust mixture explosion, vapors GR which equal to or are less than 5 kPa, a fire zone, determined in accordance with section 5, is in place;

7) the space outside the explosive areas of Class 2 and 22 are not considered to be explosive, if there are no other conditions that pose explosion danger for it.

Fire hazard facilities and outdoor installations are the ones where solid combustible materials or liquids are stored or processed. ПБЕ involves a division into 4 classes of fire hazard zones: P-I; P-II;

П-II а; П-III. P-II A, and P-III.

Zone P-I-space with flammable liquids (GR), Zone P-III - outdoor settings with GR or solid combustible, combustible dust NKMZ> 65 g  m³ zone P-II, solid combustible materials that do not form explosive mixtures are referred to the zone of P-IIa.

Explosion proof electrical equipment, manufactured according to the standard ГОСТ 12.2.020-76 "Explosion proof electrical equipment”, is used in explosive and external settings.

All electrical equipment is divided into 3 classes according to the level of explosion protection:

2 - increased reliability against explosion, explosion protection is provided only during the normal operating mode;

1 - explosion-proof – explosion protection is provided during normal operation and with the damages determined in advance, except for the explosion protection items;

Intrinsic particular, provides additional explosion protection tools

Intrinsic Types

d – explosion proof cover that withstands the pressure of the explosion and prevents the proliferation of blast holes through leaks or electrical equipment;

i - intrinsic safety circuit, the source of ignition is not able to ignite fuel and external environment;

e – there are no electrical parts that spark;

o - oil filled shell elements that spark immersed in oil that eliminates contact between them and the explosive mixture;

q - Quartz filled shell;

s - a special kind of protection based on protection principles used different from above:

• Filled epoxy current-carrying parts;

• Air propping in closed environments, blowing with inert;

p - blowing of a shell or filling it with air under pressure or inert.

All explosion protected equipment is divided into groups:

• for underground work;

• for internal and external facilities according to GOST

Thus, depending on the size of the gap, electrical equipment of types d and q are divided into groups:

IIА - gap  0,9 мм IIB-gap 0,9  0,5

IIC - gap    0,5 мм  mm

According to PBE, in fire hazard zones electrical equipment of the closed type is used. Equipment of management and protection, lighting fixtures should be used of dust proof performance. Wiring must have a sound isolation.

In explosive areas and outdoor installations, explosion protected equipment manufactured according to ГОСТ 12.2.020-76 is used.

Launching equipment, magnetic starters for classes 0, 20 must be located beyond the premises of explosive hazard and have a remote control. Wiring in explosive areas is laid in metal pipes. Armored cable can be used. Fixtures for Class 0, 20, 21 must be hardened.

15.5. Fire warning

The system of fire warning includes two main directions: prevention of the formation of a combustible environment and the arousal of the ignition source in this environment.

Prevention of forming of combustible environment is achieved:

by application of air-tight production equipment;

• maximal replacement of combustible substances and materials onto noncombustible in the technological processes;

restriction of amount of fire and explosive hazard substances on the use and preservation, and also their adequate placement;

• by the isolation of combustible and explosive environment;

by the control over the air composition in the room and the control over the environment state in the devices;

• by application of working and emergency ventilation;

by taking of a combustible environment into special devices and safe places;

• by the use of inhibited and retarded additions

Prevention of the ignition source origin in a combustible environment is achieved by:

the use of equipment and devices whose functioning does not cause the ignition; the use of electrical installations which is suitable for the group and category of the explosive mixture according to the fire and explosive risk classification of the rooms and areas ;

• restriction of the compatible preservation of substances and materials;

the use of equipment, that meets the requirements of electrostatic electric security; by setting a lightning-conductor;

by the organization of the automatic control of parameters which define the ignition sources ;

• equipment grounding, elongated metallic constructions;

use of instruments while working with the easily inflammable liquids which eliminate the spark-the plug ignition; the termination of conditions, favorable for the substance and material flashes.

15.6. Fire safety

The system of fire-prevention is the total of organizational measures and hardware directed to prevention of influence on the people of dangerous fire factors and limitation of material losses (USS2272-93).

This protection is achieved:

• by the proper choice of the necessary degree of fire-resistance of building constructions;

• proper volume design of buildings;

• room and factory location in compliance with the fire safety requirements;

• by the installment of the fire-prevention barriers in buildings, ventilation systems, fuel and cable communications;

• by the limitation of the effluence and spread of combustible liquids during the fire;

• by the off-take installment;

• by planning evacuation routes;

• by taking measures for successful fire extinguishing .

Requirements for building projects and their fire-resistance are set according to the room category.

Fire-resistance is the ability of the building elements and constructions to sustain supporting power and to resist the heating to the critical temperature, formation through cracks and fire spread. The fire-resistance of the constructions and the elements of buildings is characterized by the fire-resistance border.

Border of fire-resistance is the time (in hours) from the beginning of the fire standard test to the arousal of one of the maximum states of elements and constructions (supporting power, heat-insulating power, compactness).

Fire prevention barriers

There are measures which prevent fire spread into the house while planning and building industrial enterprises. These are:

• division of houses into fire-prevention compartments by fire-prevention walls or a fire-prevention ceiling;

• division of houses into sections by fire-prevention partitions;

• installment of fire-prevention barriers for the limitation of the fire spread over constructions and combustible materials (ridges?, skirting boards, peaks, belts etc.);

• installment of fire-prevention doors and gates;

• installment of fire-prevention breaks between the houses.

Structural description of houses depending on their fire-resistance degree

Table 15.1.

Degree of fire resistance	Structural description
I, ІІ	Houses with carrier and barrier constructions, built from natural or artificial stone materials, concrete, reinforced concrete with application of sheet and slate noncombustible materials.
ІІІ	Houses with carrier and barrier constructions, built from natural or artificial stone materials, concrete and reinforced concrete. For ceilings wooden constructions are allowed to be applied, protected by a plaster or a noncombustible sheet and slate materials or materials of the combustibility groups Г 1, Г 2. For the coverage elements are no set requirements for fire-resistance, fire spread, here the elements of garret wooden coverage are to have a flame resistant treatment.
IIIa	Mainly the houses with a framework structural chart. The elements of the framework – from metallic bare constructions. Barrier constructions – from the metallic profiled sheets or other noncombustible sheet materials with the noncombustible heater or heat insulation of groups of combustibility Г 1,Г 2.
IIIb	Chiefly, one-storied houses with a framework structural chart. Elements of framework – from wood processed to fireproof treatment. Barrier constructions are made of wood or its materials. Wood and other materials of the groups of combustibility Г 3, Г 4 of barrier constructions are to be given fireproof treatment or protected from fire and high temperatures.
IV	Houses with carrier constructions and barriers of wood or other combustible materials, protected from fire and high temperatures by a plaster or other sheet and slate materials. There are no fire-resistance and fire spread border requirements to the coverage elements. Thus, the wooden elements of the garret coverage are to have a fire-proof treatment
IVa	Mainly, one-storied houses with a framework structural chart. Elements of framework – from metallic bare constructions. Barrier constructions – from metallic section sheets or other noncombustible materials with heat insulation of the groups of combustibility Г 3, Г 4.
V	Houses whose barrier constructions do not subject to the requirements of fire-resistance and fire spread borders.

Fire-prevention distances between houses and buildings.

Fire-prevention distances are set for the prevention of fire spread onto neighbouring buildings, and for providing maneuvering, installment, implementation of fire technique and subsections of the fire guard.

The necessary values of the fire-prevention distances are given in ДБН 360-92 «Town-planning. Planning and developing city and rural areas.» (tb.15.2)

Table 15.2.

Houses and buildings	Opposite standing houses and buildings
	I,II	ІІІ	IV,V
I,II	9- if the production of A, Б and B categories is present 6- if the stationary automatic systems of fire extinction are present It is not standardised for production of Г and Д categories	9	12
ІІІ	9	12	15
IV,V	12	15	18

It is not allowed to encumber fire-prevention distances, to use them for material and equipment storage, parking lots, buildings and the construction of temporal buildings and individual garages.

Principles of calculation.

15.7. Lightning. The principles of calculation.

Lightning - a set of measures designed to prevent a direct lightning strike at an object or to eliminate undesirable effects associated with a direct blow, such a complex also includes remedies that protect the object from the secondary effects of lightning and a high-capacity skid. 

The level of lightning (RBZ) - figure (number), which is associated with pre-established parameters of lightning current and the likelihood that these interrelated maximum and minimum options will not exceed the natural parameters of lightning currents.

Protection against direct lightning - external system events, which are used to reduce financial losses caused by lightning strikes to structures.

Reliable protection from direct lightning (P 3) - defined as P ₃ = 1 - P_PUB, where P_PUB - probability of a direct lightning strike to the object that is protected from lightning with a core or cable lightning receiver.

The sequence of calculating the lightning:

The designing of devices for lightning protection of buildings should be done as follows:

1. Determination of the intensity of thunderstorm activity (average duration of storms, hr.) Specific density of lightning strikes on the ground n, 1 / (km ² * year); the expected number of lightning strikes on the object during the year N.

The data are given in the number of hours of thunderstorm activity per year, and the number of lightning injuries 1 sq km of the surface (n) depends on this activity.

These data determine the expected number of lightning strikes per year to the facility:

h - Rectangular width S length L and height h

N= [( S + 6 h ) N = [(S + 6 h) x ( L + 6 h ) – 7,7 h ² ] x n x 10 ^-6 x (L + 6 h) - 7,7 h ^2] x n x 10 ^-6

For concentrated high-rise facility (tower, stack, towerblock) height

N= 9π h ² x n x 10 ^-6 - Extended Objects for the length L (power lines, communication)

N= 6 x L x h _об x n x 10 ^-6 , where: h - The biggest house or building height, m; S, L - length respectively width of the building or buildings, m; n = T _CD  - average annual number of lightning strikes in the 1 km ² of the earth surface (specific density of lightning strikes on the ground) in the region of building or buildings location (tb.USS.2.5-38:2008).

DETERMINATION OF THE NECESSITY AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF THE BUILDING AGAINST A DIRECT LIGHTNING STRIKE AND ITS LEVEL

Table 15.2.

Number p	Object	Expected number of strikes per year , according to which lightning protection is performed, N, injuries / year	The level of lightning-protection
1	2	3	4
1	Buildings and structures or parts of buildings, which according to НПАОП 40.1-1.32-01 and НАПБ В.01.056-2005/111, are related to areas of classes 1 and 20	Regardless of N	І
2	Buildings and structures or parts of these buildings which, according to НПАОП 40.1-1.32-01 and НАПБ В.01.056-2005/111, are related to the areas of classes 2 and 21	N>1	І
		N≤1	ІІ
3	Outdoor settings, created according to НПАОП 40.1-1.32-01 and НАПБ В.01.056-2005/111, Area Class 1	Regardless of N	ІІ
4	Buildings and structures or parts of buildings, the premises of which according to НПАОП 40.1-1.32-01 and НАПБ В.01.056-2005/111, are related to areas and classes of P-, P-II P-IIa	For buildings and constructions of I and II degree of fire resistance in case of 0,1 <N ≤ 2 and III ÷ V degree of fire resistance in case of 0,02 <N ≤ 2	ІІ, ІІІ
		The same but if N> 2	ІІ
1	2	3	4
5	Located in rural areas, small structures of III - V degrees of fire, the premises of which are according to НПАОП 40.1-1.32-01 and НАПБ В.01.056-2005/111, are related to the zones of classes P-I, P, P, P-IIa	N<0,02	ІV
6	External settings and open-warehouses, which are built according to НПАОП 40.1-1.32-01 and НАПБ В.01.056-2005/111, zone of grades P-III	0,1<N≤2	ІІІ
		N>2	ІІ
7	Buildings and structures III, Sha, IIIb, IV, V degrees of fire, with no facilities, classified according to НПАОП 40.1-1.32-01 and НАПБ В.01.056-2005/111, to areas of explosion and fire hazard classes	0,1<N≤2	III
		N>2	ІІ
8	Buildings and structures made of light metal structures with combustible insulation (IVa degree of fire resistance), with no facilities, classified according to НПАОП 40.1-1.32-01 and НАПБ В.01.056-2005/111, to areas of explosion and fire hazard classes	0,02<N≤2	III
		N>2	ІІ
9	Small Building of III - V degrees of fire, located in rural areas where there are no facilities that belong according to НПАОП 40.1-1.32-01 and НАПБ В.01.056-2005/111, to areas of explosion and fire hazard classes	For III, IIIa, III6, IV, N<0,02V degree of fire resistance in case of N < 0,1 and IVa degree of fire resistance in case of N <0,02	IV
10	Buildings of computing centers and buildings where the information technology equipment or any other electronic equipment, sensitive to disturbance	Regardless of N	І, II
11	Livestock and poultry buildings and structures of III-V degree of fire resistance: for cattle and pigs of 100 or more heads, for the 500 heads of sheep and more, for birds of 1000 heads and more, for horses of 40 heads and more	Regardless of N	ІІ, III
12	Smoke and other enterprises and boiler pipes, towers of all implementations which are 15 m high and more	Regardless of N	ІІІ
13	Housing and public buildings, whose height of 25 m and more above the average height of the surrounding buildings within the radius of 400 m and the height of some buildings which are more than 30m high which are farther from other buildings than 400 m	Regardless of N	ІІІ
14	Housing and public buildings in rural areas separately, with the height of more than 30 m	Regardless of N	ІІІ
1	2	3	4
15	Public buildings of III-V degree of fire-resistance of the following appointments: Nurseries, schools and boarding schools, hospitals, dining and sleeping bodies of health and recreation, cultural and entertainment establishments, administrative buildings, stations, hotels, motels.	Regardless of N	ІІІ
16	Public entertainment buildings (facilities for spectators of open cinemas, open stadiums, stands)	Regardless of N	ІІІ
17	Buildings and facilities that are monuments of history, architecture and culture (statues, obelisks, etc.).	Regardless of N	ІІІ

Depending on the classification structure for PBE and the expected number of lightning strikes lightning N chooses the level of the facility protection.

There are four levels of lightning protection objects.

Reliable protection from direct lightning (R _i) should be taken:

0,99 ÷ 0,999 - for the objects with the first level of lightning protection;

0,95 ÷ 0,99 - objects with the second level of lightning protection;

0,9 ÷ 0,95 - objects with the third level of lightning protection;

not less than 0.85 - for level IV facilities of lightning protection.

Arrangement of lightning protection

To protect against direct impact and secondaries such items are used:

1. Lightning diverter.

2. Arrangement of grounded metal mesh in open subjects.

3. Earthing of equipment inside the building.

4.Formation of the closed loops between the pipelines, metal objects, metal ground communications.

Construction Features of Lightning Diverters

There are three types of direct lightning strikes: core, rope, netting. In this work only core lightning strike is considered, other types are considered in the guidance document

USS B V.2.5-38:2008.

Core

lightning diverter

Lightning diverter - a device that accepts a lightning strike and diverts it into the ground. Lightning diverter, standing alone – the lightning diverter is placed in such a way that the path of the lightning current has contact with the object that it protects.

Lightning diverters consist of lightning receiver on the support, current diverter and earthing equipment. Connection of separate parts of the Lightning diverter should be performed only by welding and the exception is the third category of protection which allows bolted connection.

Support of lightning receivers are calculated as freestanding design for wind loading. They can be made of steel, wood, concrete

Lightning receiver- part of the Lightning diverter, is designed to intercept lightning. It is made of a steel profile with the arbitrary cross-section of not less than 50 mm ² and the length of 200 mm. It is protected against corrosion of galvanized, tin, etc.

When cable protection is placed, the section of the cable is not less than 35 sq. mm

Current diverter - part of the Lightning protection is designed for diverting the current from the lightning receiver to the earthing equipment. It is made of steel wire of the round section with a minimum cross section of 50 mm ^2, the diameter of less than 8 mm or the rectangular profile of the 4 x 12 mm.

Earthing - leading part or a set of interconnected leading parts, which are in electrical contact with the ground, either directly or through the intermediate leading environment, such as concrete.

Заземлювачі є підземним закінченням системи і поділяються на: Earthing devices are the underground ends of the system and are divided into:

Deep – made of band or round steel, laid at the bottom of the foundation perimeter

кутникова сталь 40х40 Vertical - screwed rods of 2.5 m in length and the diameter of 10-20 mm, or kutnykova steel 40x40

Horizontal –made of round or shtabovoyi steel with the cross of at least 160 sq. mm and the length of 2-40 m, laid at the depth of 0,6-0,8 m

If you can not use natural earthing devices for the Lightning diverting, which are placed separately, the following artificial earthing devices exist:

For I and II level of lightning – an earthing device, consisting of three or more electrodes of the vertical length of less than 3 m, combined with a horizontal electrode and with the distance between them of less than 3 m;

For III level of lightning – an earthing device, which consists of at least two vertical electrodes of not less than 3 m, combined with a horizontal electrode and the distance between them of less than 3 m;

For level IV of lightning diverting- an earthing device, which consists of a vertical or horizontal electrode with the length of 2 ÷ 3 m, laid at the depth of not less than 0.5 m.

2. Definition of the class of the fire and explosion hazard according to PBE and the degree of fireproof buildings for (USS B V .2.5-38:2008).

3. Calculation of Lightning-protection zone.

Choosing the type and height of Lightning diverter is accomplished taking the values of the required reliability R _{3 .}into consideration. The object is protected, if the aggregate of all its Lightning diverters provides reliable protection of not less than P₃

If the protection of the basic Lightning diverter (single core, single rope, double core, dual cable, closed-cable), dimensions of Lightning protection can be determined, using Lightning protection zones that correspond to a given value _of R₃

The standard zone of protection of a single core lightning diverter of height h is a circular cone with the height of h < h, which coincides with the peak vertical axis of lightning diverter. Dimensions of the zone are defined by the two parameters: height h of the cone and the radius of the cone at the ground level (Figure3).

Fig.3. The single core lightning diverter

The following calculation formula (Table 1) is suitable for the lightning diverter up to 150 m. For higher lightning diverters a special method of calculation should be used.

Calculation of zone protection of the single core lightning diverter

Table 15.3.

Reliability of protection Р3	The height of the lightning diverter h, m	The height of the cone, h o, m	The radius of the cone, r o, m
0,9	from 0 to 100	0,85h	1,2h
	From 100 to 150	0,85h	[1,2–10-3(h–100)]h
0,99	from 0 to 30	0,8h	0,8h
	from 30 to 100	0,8h	[0,8–1,43·10-3(h–30)] h
	from 100 to 150	[0,8 – 10-3(h – 100)]h	0,7h
0,999	from 0 to 30	0,7h	0,6h
	from 30 to 100	[0,7–7,14·10-4(h – 30)]h	[0,6–1,43·10-3 (h–30)] h
	from100 to 150	[0,65 – 10-3(h – 100)]h	[0,5 – 2·10-3 (h – 100)]h

For the protection zone of the required reliability of the single core lightning-the radius of the horizontal section is r _x at the height h _x is defined by the formula:

r _х = r _o (h _o – h _x )/ h _o

Lightning diverter is double when the distance between core lightning diverter L does not exceed the limit L _max. In the opposite case, both lightning diverters are considered as isolated.

The configuration of the vertical and horizontal sections of the standard dual-zone protection of the core lightning diverter (height h and the distance between the lightning diverters are given in Figure 2. The construction of the outer regions of the zones of double lightning diverters (semi-cones with dimensions h _o, r _o) is carried out with the help of the formula (see Table 1) for single core lightning diverters. Dimensions of the internal regions of parameters h _o and h _c, the first of which sets the maximum height of the area directly near the Lightning diverter and the other a minimum height of the middle zone between the Lightning diverter (practically, it should not be less than the height of the object of protection).

When the distance between the Lightning diverters L ≤ L _c the boundary of the zone is not sagging

(h _c = h _о ) .

For distances L _s ≤ L ≤ L _max height h _s is determined by the formula

h _c = h _о ×(L _max – L)/ (L _max – L _с )

Limit distance L _max and L _c are calculated using empirical formulas table. 2, suitable for the Lightning diverter of the height of 150 m. При більшій висоті блискавковідводів слід користуватися спеціальним програмним забезпеченнямFor the greater height of lightning diverters special software should be used.

Calculation of the zone protection of the double core lightning diverter

Table 15.4.

Reliability of protection Р3	Height of lightning diverter h, m	Lmax , м	Lc, м
0,9	from 0 to 30	5,75 h	2,5h
	from 30 to 100	[5,75 – 3,57·10-3(h – 30)] h	2,5h
	from100 to 150	5,5h	2,5h
0,99	from 0 to 30	4,75h	2,25h
	from 30 to 100	[4,75–3,57·10-3(h – 30)] h	[2,25–0,01007(h – 30)] h
	from100 to 150	4,5h	1,5h
0,999	from 0 to 30	4,25h	2,25h
	from 30 to 100	[4,25–3,57·10-3(h – 30)] h	[2,25–0,01007(h –30)] h
	from100 to 150	4,0h	1,5h

Fig.4. The double core lightning diverter

Protection zone of the double lightning diverter is depicted in Fig.4:

L – distance between the lightning diverter

h – the height of the lightning diverter;

h _o – maximum height of the protection zone which is close to the lightning diverter;

r – radius of the protection cone (the edge of the protection zone);

r _х r _x – maximum half width of the zone in the horizontal cross section at the height h _x;

h _с h _s – minimum height in the middle zone of protection between the lightning diverters;

r _162х. r _E – width of the horizontal section in the middle between the lightning diverters;

Dimensions of the horizontal cross section area are calculated using the following formula common to all levels of security protection:

Maximum half width of the zone r _x in horizontal section at the height h _x is calculated with the formula:

r _х = r _o (h _o – h _x )/ h _o

Length of the horizontal section l _x

at the height h _x ≥ h _c:

l _x = L× (h _o – h _x )/(2× (h _o – h _с ))

for h _x <h _c

l _x = l _x = L / 2 L / 2

The width of the horizontal section in the middle between the lightning diverters 2 r _E at the height h _x ≤ h _c:

r _163х. = r _o (h _с – h _x )/ h _с r _E = r _o (h _s – h _x) / h _s

4. Choosing the type of a lightning diverter (a group of lightning diverters) and its location on the territory of the building or on the building itself.

5. Design and construction of the zones of lightning protection of the buildings (structures) on a draft.

15.8. Evacuation of people

Evacuation of people in case of fire is already planned in the designs of the buildings.

Safety of people in case of fire is achieved by:

• Volume-planning and construction solutions to evacuation routes, rational design

• Engineering solutions aimed at fire spread limitation and combustion products

(anti-fire obstacles, systems of anti-smoke protection, fire extinction equipment etc.);

• Proper state of equipment, which provides successful evacuation (out-of-band message systems, emergency lightning, safety signs);

• The limited use of combustion materials for room treatment, through which evacuation routes go ;

• Systematic control over the proper preservation and trade of fire risk wares

Evacuation routes are passageways, corridors, landings, stairs which lead to an evacuation exit and provide safe movement of people during evacuation.

In compliance with ДБН В.1.1.7-2002, passageways are regarded as evacuative provided they lead out of a room:

• Of the ground floor to the yard directly through a corridor, an entrance hall, stairs;

• Of any floor, besides the ground one, to the corridor, which leads to the stairs (also through the entrance), and the stairs are to have the way out directly or through the entrance hall, separated from the corridor by door partitions.

• A neighboring room on the same floor, which has exits mentioned above.

Power-driven way outs (lifts, excavators), stairs, which are not located in the stair cases do not belong to the evacuation exits.

There must be at least two evacuation exits on each floor. The minimal width of the evacuation route is at least 1m, of doors – 0,8m. These doors are to open straight to the way out. The length from the furthest point of a workshop or room to the evacuation exit is defined according to the ДБН В.1.1.7-2002, depending on the fire resistance of a room and the number of the evacuated people. Way outs through the rooms of A and Б categories are forbidden. Evacuation people plans are to be available in each room.

The needed time of the evacuation depending on the room volume is given in minutes

Table 15.5.

Room category	Room volume, m3
	to 15	30	40	50	60 and more
А, Б	0,5	0,75	1	1,5	1,75
В	1,25	2	2	2,5	3,0
Г, Д	Without limits

15.9. Fire water-supply

Fire water-supply is a complex of technical equipment for water supply to the fire location at any time and in any quantity needed for fire extinction inside the building and outside. Main requirements for the water supply installment are defined according to the СНіП 2.04.02 –84 ‘Water supply. External systems and installations’, СНіП 2.04.01 – 85 ‘Internal water pipe and sewerage system’. The necessary water pressure is supplied by permanent fire-pumps, which provide a tight stream at the height of minimum 10m and by the portable automatic pumps or mono block pumps, which take water from the fire-plugs. Depending on the situation, the water pipe can be of low and high pressure. The water pipe of high pressure is planned for the enterprises which are at high fire risk. For water intake from the water-supply fire-plugs are placed and the distance between them does not exceed 150m, and from the building walls it is not less than 5m and 2,5m from a lay-by. Water consumption at the enterprises consists of its general expenditure for the inside and outside fire-extinction and the maximal consumption for industrial needs.

Water expenditure for the inside fire-extinction (n₁) takes 5l/s (two streams, 2,5l/s each). The estimated water need for the outside fire extinction at enterprises is normalized according to the СНіП 2.04.02 –84.

Fire sluice regulation

Table 15.6.

Room volume, thousand m3	Fire resistance level	Production category	Number of streams	Water expenditure for 1 stream, l/s
0,5-5	І, ІІ	А, Б, В	2	2,5
0,5-5	ІІІ, IV, V	В	2	2,5
5-50	I, II	А, Б, В	2	5
5-50	III, IV, V	В	2	5
5-50	III, IV, V	Г, Д	2	2,5

Regulation of water expenditure for outside fire-extinction

Table 15.7.

Building fire-resistance level	Production category	Water expenditure on outside fire-extinction (l/s) at the room volume, thousand m3
		to 3	3-5	5-20	20-50	50-200	200-400	400-600
І,ІІ	Г, Д	10	10	10	10	15	20	25
І,ІІ	А, Б, В	10	10	15	20	30	35	40
ІІІ	Г, Д	10	10	15	25	35	-	-
ІІІ	В	10	15	20	30	40	-	-
ІV, V	Г, Д	10	15	20	30	-	-	-
ІV, V	В	15	20	25	40	-	-	-

15.10. Methods and means of extinguishing

Complex of measures aimed at fire liquidation is called extinguishing.

In order to stop the process of burning, the content of combustible componenta, an oxidant concentration, the temperature must be reduced and the energy of the process activation in flame must be increased by means of burning fire-plugs.

The basic extinguishing methods are:

1. Cooling of burning area or substances, which burn at certain temperatures.

2. Fire centre isolation from air.

3. Lessening of oxygen concentration in the air by dilution of noncombustible gases.

4. Chemical breaking (inhibition) oxidization reactions’ speed (burning) in flame.

5. Mechanical derangement of flame by the strong stream of water, powder or gas.

6. Fire barriers, owing to which the flame spreads through narrow channels whose cut is less than the diameter.

Types of fire-extinguishing substances:

• water;

• water with additives which increase its fire-extinguishing ability;

• foam;

• gas fire-extinguishing compositions;

• fire-extinguishing powders;

• mixed fire-extinguisher compositions.

For each fire-extinguishing method a sufficient type of a fire-fighting appliance is used:

• cooling (water, water solutions, snow like carbonic acid etc.);

• diluting (SO2, water vapor, inert gases etc.);

• isolating chemical and air-mechanical foam, sand etc .);

• facilities of the burning chemical breaking (fire-extinguishing powders, chladone etc).

Short description of basic fire-extinguishing substances.

Water is the most widespread and efficient fire-extinguishing means. It has a high heat capacity - 4.10*103 Dg*cg^-1*К^-1. 1 l of water turns into 1700 l of foam. Also, there is a dilution of combustible substances. Because of high evaporation warmth (2260 Dg*cg^-1), plenty of warmth is taken from the burning area and a significant cooling effect is caused.

It has a high thermal stability. It is most effective in the dispersed state. Such water can extinguish even CL, water fog causes the isolation effect. The use of solution of moisturizes which diminish surface tension of water, enables to decrease its expenditure on the extinguishing of some materials by 30-50%.

Foam is the colloid dispersion system which consists of gas and solutions of surface active substances and stabilizers.

Foam is divided into chemical and air-mechanical.

Foam has low heat conduction. It hinders evaporation of combustible matters, and penetration of steam, gases, thermal radiation. All this defines its isolation abilities.

With low divisible foam the fire is extinguished mainly on the surface.

Foams of a 100 repetition factor extinguish combustible liquids. They are well-kept and spread over the surface, they can hinder the penetration of the combustible steam and have a cooling effect.

High divisible foam is used for volume extinguishing, smoke ousting, isolating technological installations from the thermal stream.

Fire-extinguishing powders are used for burning liquidation of solid, liquid and gaseous substances.

The fire-extinguishing effect of the use of powders consists of:

• Chemical breaking of the burning reaction as a result of the powder effect (powder crystals destroy radicals that cause burning);

• Еmergence of isolation membrane over the surface of a burning substance;

• Cloud powder formation which has shield properties;

• Mechanical hammering of flame by the solid powder particles;

• Extrusion of oxygen from the burning area.

There are powders of common and special use.

PSB-3-3 powder (on the basis of sodium bicarbonate) is of general use and for extinguishes LZR, CL, gases, electrical equipment, engines. PSB-3-3 powder does not suit for extinguishing smoldering and alkaline metals.

Fire-extinguishing powders P2-AP, P-2APM ( made from ammophos) are of general use, their application is similar, but additionally they extinguish carbon smoldering materials (paper, wood, coal etc) successfully

Pyran-A powder and its modifications Pyran-AP, Pyrant-AC are made on the basis of phosphorus-ammonium salts. They are used for extinguishing smoldering and solid combustible materials, CL, gases and electrical installations.

P-4AP powder is intended for volume extinguishing. It extinguishes GG, CL, smoldering materials in the closed volumes.

C-30 powder extinguishes alkaline metals, titanic shaving that burn in open areas.

Dioxide of carbon is without color and smell.

The mechanism of burning stop SO₂ is based on its ability to diminish by dilution of reactive substances concentration to the scopes at which burning is impossible. Fire-extinguishing effect is observed when the concentration of SO₂ is not less than 30% in a volume.

The release of the snow-like SO₂ from a bulb at the ambient temperature of 20⁰С is not less than 28% (from 1 kg of liquid SO₂ 280 g of snow and about 500 l of gas are produced). While using volume extinguishing it is necessary to take into account SO₂ influence on a human body. 10% of SO₂ in the atmosphere of a room is dangerous, and its 20% concentration causes the paralysis of the breathing organs.

Dioxide of carbon does not extinguish smoldering materials, because does not have moistening ability.

Halogen hydrocarbons.

Chladone 114В2 is heavy colorless liquid with a specific smell and boiling temperature of 47⁰С. For fire extinguishing it is given into the room in a dispersed state. The ingibitor impedes the burning reaction effectively. Flame extinguishing is achieved at the 2% concentration. It has a moderate toxic effect. Pursuant to the requirements of television, the evacuation of people from the room is to be carried out at the beginning of the chladone supply. Extinguishing is carried out in special clothing for the respiratory system protection

The choice of fire-extinguishing substances depends on the character of fire and is

determined:

• by properties and the aggregate state of matters that burn;

• by fire parameters (burning area, burning intensity, temperature etc.);

• by the type of fire (in the closed chambers, buildings, in the open area);

• by terms of warmth and gas exchange during a fire;

• by number of fire-extinguishing facilities;

• by fire-extinguishing ability;

• by efficiency of the fire extinguishing method.

Depending on physical and chemical properties of combustible materials, their extinguishing by different means is characterized in the following way:

Table 15.8.

Fire class	Description of combustible environment	Recommended extinguishing methods
А	Ordinary solid materials (tree, coal, paper, rubber, textile etc.)	All types of facilities (water mainly)
В	LZR, Cl, materials which fuse at heating (stearin, rubber,etc)	dispersed water, foam, chladone, powders
С	GG ( liquidized included)	Gas compositions, powder, water (for cooling)
Д	metals and their alloys, metallic connections	Powders
Е	Electrical installations under voltage	Chladone, powder, dioxide of carbon

Primary fire extinction facilities are fire-extinguishers, sand, blankets, spades, axes, etc. Foam, powder and carbon dioxide fire-extinguishers are widely used.

Foam fire-extinguishers ВВП-6, ВВП-9, ВВПА-400. A mixture of acid and alkaline portion of charge generates foam. They are applied for extinguishing flammable and combustible substances. These fire-extinguishers are not applied for extinguishing electrical installations under voltage.

Powder fire-extinguishers ВП-2, ВП-4, ВП-5, ВП-9, ВП-12 - are used for extinguishing flammable and combustible liquids, metals alkaline and alkaline earth metals, electrical equipment under voltage. The main parts of powders are phosphorus-ammonia salt and sodium carbonate.

Carbonic acid fire-extinguishers ВВК-2, ВВК-3.5, ВВК-5. They are filled with liquidized carbonic acid (R=65 atm). While a valve is opened, carbonic acid is thrown out from a bulb, it evaporates in a socket and makes its way to the burning area. They extinguish electrical equipment and those places where water can damage the property.

15.11. Fire alarm and connection

Fire alarm system and activation of fire extinction automatic systems are used for the exposure of the initial fire stage. The fire alarm system consists of the fire alarm boxes, which are plugged into an alarm line (connecting pipeline) and of a fire station. There are thermal, light and mixed fire alarm boxes. Thermal alarm boxes react to temperature (thermocouple sensor, termistor, fusible settings). Smoke systems contain a sensor, photocell or ionizing chambers with radio-active sensors. Smoke lowers air ionization and it becomes a signal. Light fire alarm boxes contain a photocell which reacts to the infrared part of the flame spectrum.

Besides off-line fire alarm systems, there are compatible systems, which are based on the use of the telephone lines. These systems have protective functions as well.

15.12. Fire safety planning

The manager is responsible for the proper fire-prevention state of an enterprise.

The manager is obliged to:

1. develop complex measures on fire safety;

2. draw up and ratify regulations, instructions on fire safety normative acts according to the documents,;

3. provide the observance of fire-prevention requirements and orders of state fire security;

4. personal training in fire safety;

5.keep fire protection equipment for fire-prevention defense, copula, fire technique and inventory in working conditions;

6. organize fire guard subsections (if needed);

7. provide state fire guard with the information on the fire safety state of an enterprise.

15.13. Fire security service

Fire security service has the aim of co-ordination and perfection of the work related to fire safety and control over the implementation of the fire-prevention measures.

The basic duties of the fire security services are:

• an update and coordination of fire preventive work, work out of complex measures for fire safety improvement, control over their observation;

• coordination of scientific and technical policy on fire safety implementation

• systematic supervision and control over the fire safety subsections’ activity

fire calculation and its consequences;

In order to fulfill these tasks successfully, FSS experts are competent to

• control the fire safety state and issue the documents whose implementation is compulsory;

have an official representative in the state and public institutions of fire security matters that are under consideration;

• invite experts for fire safety supervision and their participation in the investigation of the fire accident cause;

• control over the combativity of the departmental and voluntary fire security which is located in the subordinate units.

• make requirements to officials for the dismissal of the workers who have got no special training, instructions and examinations on fire safety, those who are without a leave for fire risk work or break fire safety rules;

• stop or prohibit the exploitation of separate chambers, equipment and units in case of fire safety breach, fire danger or its extinction obstructions and evacuation of people;

• submit proposals to top executives on commitment of officials and workers who participate in a fire prevention enhancement (development), and on the institution of criminal proceedings of those who violate fire safety regulations. Fire supervision is carried out in cities and built-up areas of the units.

State fire security services are independent of economic organizations, citizen associations, political parties, executive authorities and regional self-government.

15.14. Task and types of fire guard

The basic tasks of the fire guard are:

• realization of control over the observance of fire-prevention requirements;

• prevention of fires and accidents on them;

• fire extinguishing, people rescue and aid in liquidation of accident consequences, catastrophes and disasters.

Fire guard is divided into state, department, local and voluntarily. State fire guard is formed by militarized and professional fire guard services of Ministry of emergency situations.

Department fire guard is formed on the bases of ministries and other government authorities.

In rural areas fire brigades are formed.

At industrial enterprises, institutions and organizations voluntary fire brigades which take fire prevention measures and provide fire extinction are organized. At enterprises with 50 and more workers fire technical commissions are organized upon the employees’ decision.

State fire prevention services perform the following functions upon their duties:

1) with the participation of the involved ministries and executive power authorities state fire safety regulations, instructions, normative acts and other documents are drawn up and ratified;

2) endorse the projects of state and branch standards, norms, rules, technical conditions and other normative-technical documents on fire safety, and project decisions as well;

3) control over the statutory requirement observance on fire safety by the top executive officials, local governing, by enterprise directors, officials of institutions, organizations, and by citizens;

4) take part in exploitation of buildings and establishments, and take territories for construction, test new standards of fire safety appliances, equipment and other products;

5) examine the verification of the projects, documents and fire safety state of the buildings in compliance with the normative-legal fire safety acts; give permission for the exploitation of the new or reconstructed buildings, the introduction of the new technologies, room rent etc.;

6) take control over the reports, statements of fire safety crimes and rule violations.

Officials of state fire supervision have the following duties:

1. To conduct at any time the fire technical inspections, verify buildings which are under control and get explanations, materials and information.

2. To provide directors and officials with damage liquidation orders of obligatory implementation, in case of violation to stop or forbid enterprise work.

3. To carry out the control over implementation of the fire-prevention requirements upon standards, norms and rules.

4. To institute criminal proceeding against guilty persons.

5. To use penalty provision for enterprises, establishments and organizations.

The fire service of an enterprise can be militarized and professional. At enterprises voluntary fire brigades and companies, voluntary fire societies and fire technical commissions made up of a number of employees and officials are organized. These units check the fire-prevention state at an enterprise and take measures for violations’ removal. At MIA (Ministry of Internal Affairs) fire service administration (FSA) with its authorities in the workplaces functions. State fire supervision which controls fire state at enterprises enters FSA.

Main terms and notions on occupational safety and health (OSH)

Аварія– пошкодження механізму, машини, пристрою, споруди під час роботи, руху. Breakdown is damage to mechanism, machine, device, building during its functioning or movement.

Аерозоль – дисперсна система, що складається з дрібних твердих або рідких частинок та газового середовища, де зависли ці частинки. Aerosol is a dispersive system, consisting of small hard or liquid particles and gas environment, where the particles hang.

Акт про нещасний випадок на виробництві – офіційний документ, що складає комісія з розслідування нещасного випадку, у наслідок якого працівник згідно з медичним висновком втратив працездатність щонайменше на один день, або виникла необхідність перевести його на іншу (легшу) роботу терміном щонайменше на один день, або в разі його смерті. Occupational Accident-related Act is an official document, worked out by the commission of inquiry into the accident, where a worker according to the medical report lost capacity by at least one day or there is a need to transfer him/her to another easier job for at least one day, or in case of his/her death.

Акт санітарного обстеження – обліковий та медичний документ, в якому лікар або його помічник відображають стан об’єкта при здійсненні поточного санітарного нагляду, а також пропозиції щодо усунення порушень санітарних норм і правил. Act of Sanitary inspection is an account and medical document in which the doctor or his/her assistant reflects the state of the object under current sanitary inspection as well as proposals to eliminate violations of sanitary norms and rules.

Антипірен – речовини чи суміші, які додаються в матеріал (речовину) органічного походження для зниження його горючості. Antipyren is the substance or mixture that is added to the material (substance) of organic origin in order to reduce its flammability.

Атмосферостійка вогнезахисна речовина – речовина, яка забезпечує в заданих інтервалах тривалий вогнезахист виробів, які постійно перебувають під впливом атмосферних факторів. Weatherproof fire retardant substance is a substance that within the given period of time provides prolonged fire protection for items, which are constantly exposed to environmental factors.

Безпека – стан захищеності особи та суспільства від ризику зазнати шкоди. Safety is a state of a person and society protection from the risk of suffering damage.

Безпека праці – стан умов праці, за яких виключений вплив на працюючих небезпечних виробничих факторів. Labour safety is working conditions under which the impact of hazardous working environment on employers is excluded.

Безпечна відстань – найменша допустима відстань між працюючим і джерелом небезпеки, необхідна для забезпечення безпеки працюючого. Safe distance is the the minimum allowable distance between the worker and the source of danger that is necessary to ensure the safety of workers.

Безпечність виробничого обладнання – властивість виробничого обладнання зберігати відповідність вимогам безпеки праці, при виконанні заданих функцій в умовах, установлених нормативно-технічною документацією.

Safety of industrial equipment is the ability to keep production equipment in compliance with safety requirements, when performing the functions defined in terms set by regulatory and technical documentation.

Безпечність виробничого процесу – властивість виробничого процесу зберігати відповідність вимогам безпеки праці в умовах, установлених нормативно-технічною документацією. Safety of production process is the feature of the production process to keep compliance with safety requirements under the conditions established by regulatory and technical documents.

Безпечність промислової продукції – властивість продукції забезпечити і зберегти протягом певного терміну експлуатації рівень безпеки персоналу, людського оточення і довкілля у межах, обумовлених вимогами чинних нормативних актів та досягнутим науково-технічним рівнем. Safety of Industrial Products is the ability of products to provide and maintain for a certain period of functioning the security level of personnel, human environment and environment within the limits stipulated by the requirements of legislation and scientific and technical level achieved.

Безпечні умови праці, безпека праці - стан умов праці, за якого вплив на працівника небезпечних і шкідливих виробничих чинників усунуто або вплив шкідливих виробничих чинників не перевищує гранично допустимих значень.

Safe working conditions, safety of work are working conditions, in which the impact on workers of dangerous and harmful production factors are eliminated or harmful production factors does not exceed the limits.

Важкогорючий матеріал - матеріал, який під впливом вогню або високої температури спалахує, чи тліє, чи обвуглюється та далі горить, чи тліє, чи обвуглюється при наявності джерела запалювання, а після його ліквідування горіння чи тління припиняється. Inflammable material is a material that under the influence of fire or high temperature flares or smolders or chars and then burns, or smoulders, or chars when there is a source of ignition, and after its liquidation burning or smoldering ceases.

Вентиляція - регульований повітряний обмін у приміщеннях, сприятливий для здоров’я людини; сукупність технічних заходів, які забезпечують такий повітряний обмін. Ventilation is adjustable air exchange in areas favorable for human health; a technique that provides the air exchange.

Види нагляду - спеціалізація в здійсненої державного нагляду за безпечним веденням робіт у промисловості за галузевою ознакою, залежно від особливостей неконтролюючих галузей народного господарства або контрольованих різновидностей обладнання, робіт. Наприклад, вугільний нагляд, котлонагляд, газовий нагляд, нагляд за охороною надр. Types of supervision is a specialization in state that carries out surveys for the safe conduct of works in industry specific sectors, depending on the features of non-controlling sectors of the economy or controlled kind of equipment and works. For example, coal supervision, trench supervision, gas supervision and mineral wealth protection supervision.

Виконання трудових обов’язків - трудова діяльність за встановленими нормами, правилами та інструкціями. Performance of duties - work activity according to established rules, regulations and instructions.

Вимоги безпеки (праці) - вимоги, встановлені актами законодавства, нормативними і проектними документами, правилами та інструкціями, виконання яких гарантує безпечні умови праці та регламентує поведінку працівника. Security requirements are the requirements set by legislative acts, regulations and project documents, rules and regulations, implementation of which guarantees safe working conditions and regulate employee behavior.

Виробничий мікроклімат - поняття, яке характеризується дією таких параметрів виробничого середовища, як температура, вологість, швидкість руху повітря, інфрачервоне випромінювання навколишніх поверхонь. Production microclimate is a notion characterized by the influence of such parameters of the production environment as temperature, humidity, air velocity, infrared radiation of surrounding surfaces

Виробничий ризик - ймовірність ушкодження здоров’я працівника під час виконання ним трудових обов’язків, що обумовлена ступенем шкідливості та (або) небезпечності умов праці й науково-технічним станом виробництва. Production risk is the probability of damage to the worker’s health during his employment duties as determined by the degree of harm and (or) hazardous working conditions and scientific and technical state of production.

Виникнення пожежі - сукупність процесів, що призводять до пожежі. Fire occurence is a set of processes that lead to fire.

Випадок травмування  факт порушення природної цілісності або нормального функціонування організму людини. Personal injury is a violation of natural integrity or proper functioning of the human body.

Виробнича санітарія - система організаційних і технічних засобів, що попереджують або зменшують дію на працівників шкідливих виробничих факторів. Industrial sanitation is a system of organizational and technical measures that prevent or reduce harmful effects on workers of production factors.

Виробнича травма - травма, що сталася внаслідок дії виробничих чинників. Industrial injury is an injury that occurred due to occupational factors.

Виробниче приміщення - замкнений простір у будівлях і спорудах, призначений для трудової діяльності людей. Industrial facilities - closed space in buildings and facilities designed for groups of people.

Виробниче середовище - сукупність фізичних, хімічних, біологічних, соціальних та інших чинників, що діють на людину під час виконання нею трудових обов’язків. Work environment is a set of physical, chemical, biological, social and other factors that act on a person while performing his/her job duties.

Виробничий травматизм - явище, що характеризується сукупністю виробничих травм і нещасних випадків на виробництві. Industrial injuries is a phenomenon characterized by the combination of occupational injuries and industrial accidents.

Вібраційна хвороба - професійне захворювання, що спричинюється тривалою дією вібрації, яка передається через руки або поверхню опори тіла і характеризується розвитком агіотрофоневрозу, супроводжується іншими порушеннями функцій органів і систем. Vibration disease is an occupational disease that is caused by prolonged action of vibration transmitted through the hands or body support surface. It is characterized by the development of pneumatic hammer disease and is accompanied by other abnormalities in the organs and systems.

Вібрація -механічне коливання в техніці (машинах, механізмах, конструкціях тощо). Vibration is mechanical fluctuations in equipment (vehicles, machinery, constructions, etc.).

Вітамінологія - розділ гігієни харчування, біохімії, фармакології та деяких інших медико-біологічних наук, який вивчає структуру та механізми дії вітамінів і розробляє методи їх визначення й застосування з лікувальною та профілактичною метою. Vitaminology is part of nutrition, biochemistry, pharmacology and several other biomedical sciences which studies the structure and mechanisms of action of vitamins and develops methods of their determination and application with therapeutic and preventive purposes.

Вогнегасна здатність - маса вогнегасної речовини, що припадає на 1 м². (1 м³) модельного вогнища пожежі (модельного об’єму), який вона впевнено гасить, чи площа модельного вогнища пожежі (об’єму модельної споруди), яку можна впевнено загасити одним технічним засобом (системою) пожежогасіння (наприклад, вогнегасником).

Примітка. Розміри модельних вогнищ пожежі та об’ємів визначаються за діючими методиками.

Extinguishing capability is extinguishing agent mass that falls to 1 m2. (1 m3) of the fire model (model volume), which it confidently puts out or the model fire area (volume of the model structure) that can be confidently put out by one technical fire vehicle (e.g. fire extinguisher).

Note. Dimensions of fire models and volumes are determined by current methods.

Вогнегасна речовина - речовина, яка має такі фізико-хімічні властивості, що дозволяють створити умови для припинення горіння. Extinguishing agent is a substance whose physical and chemical properties allows it to create proper conditions for fire.

Вогнезахисна речовина (суміш) - речовина (суміш), яка забезпечує вогнезахист. Fire-protective agent (mixture) is a substance (mixture), which provides fire protection.

Вогнезахист - зниження пожежної небезпеки матеріалів та інструкцій методом спеціальної обробки або нанесення покриття. Fire protection is the reduction of fire risk for materials and constructions by special treatment or coating.

Вогнезахищений виріб (матеріал, конструкція) - виріб (матеріал, конструкція), знижена пожежна небезпека якого є наслідком вогнезахисту. Protected from fire product (material, construction) is the product (material, construction), whose reduced fire danger is the result of fire protection.

Вогнеперешкоджаючий пристрій - пристрій, що має вогнеперешкоджаючу здатність. Fire-preventive device is a device that possesses fire-preventive ability.

Вогнеперешкодна здатність - здатність перешкоджати поширенню горіння. Fire-preventing ability is ability to prevent the spread of fire.

Вогнестійкість - здатність будівельних конструкцій та елементів зберігати

свої несучі характеристики, а також чинити опір виникненню наскрізних отворів чи прогріванню до критичних температур і поширенню вогню.

Примітка. Критичні температури встановлюються діючими методиками.

Fire resistance is the ability of structures and their elements to preserve their load-bearing characteristics, as well as to resist the emergence of through holes or warming up to the critical temperatures and the spread of fire. Note. Critical temperatures are determined by current methods.

Вогнище - місце початкового виникнення пожежі. Bonfire is the original place of fire.

Гасіння пожежі - процес впливу сил та засобів, а також використання методів та заходів для ліквідації пожежі. Fire extinguishing is a process of applying force and means as well as techniques and measures for fire suppression.

ГСТ (галузевий стандарт) - одна, з категорій стандарту; встановлюється на продукцію, що не охоплена системою державного стандарту; затверджується відповідним міністерством і відомством. Branch standard is one of the standard categories, set on production, which is not covered by the system of state standard and is approved by respective ministry and department.

Гігієна - розділ медицини, який вивчає вплив чинників навколишнього середовища на здоров’я людини, її працездатність та тривалість життя, розробляє нормативи, вимоги і санітарні заходи, спрямовані на оздоровлення населених місць, умов життя та діяльності людини (ДСТУ 3038-95). Hygiene is part of medicine that studies the impact of environmental factors on human health, its efficiency and life span, develops standards, requirements and sanitary measures for the rehabilitation of populated areas, living conditions and human activities (ISO 3038-95).

Гігієна праці - галузь гігієни, яка вивчає вплив трудових процесів і виробничого середовища на організм людини, розробляє гігієнічні нормативи і санітарні заходи, спрямовані на забезпечення сприятливих і здорових умов праці, профілактику професійної та загальної захворюваності. Occupational health is care industry, which examines the impact of labor processes and working environment on the human body, develops standards and sanitary hygienic measures aimed at providing a supportive and healthy working environment, prevention of occupational and general morbidity.

Гігієнічна експертиза - розгляд, вивчення експертом (спеціалістом) будь-яких матеріалів, документів, іншої інформації, що потребує спеціальних знань з метою визначення їх відповідності вимогам санітарних норм і правил (гігієнічних нормативів); це комплексне вивчення проектів, державних і відомчих актів, інвестицій, господарських та інших об’єктів на відповідність їх завданням збереження здоров’я населення, попередження можливого шкідливого впливу на нього факторів навколишнього середовища. Hygienic examination is investigating, studying by expert (by specialist) any materials, documents and other information that requires special expertise to determine their compliance with sanitary norms and rules (hygienic standards); it is a complex study of projects, state and departmental acts, investments, commercial and other facilities for compliance in maintaining people’s health, preventing possible harmful effects of environmental factors.

Гігієнічна оцінка - вивчення характеру та особливостей певного об’єкта, процесу з метою визначеная їх відповідності гігієнічним вимогам з метою розробки оздоровчих і профілактичних заходів. Hygienic assessment is exploring the nature and features of a particular object, process to find compliance with hygiene requirements in order to develop health and preventive measures.

Гігієнічна характеристика умов праці - визначення й оцінка стану умов праці (робочого місця, виробничого середовища, трудового процесу) щодо відповідності їх державним санітарним нормам, правилам, гігієнічним нормативам.

Hygienic characteristics of the work - identification and assessment of working conditions (workplace, working environment, working processes) on the conformity of their state health standards, rules and hygienic standards.

Гігієнічне нормування - обмеження інтенсивності й тривалості дії на організм людини чинників навколишнього середовища, тобто встановлення вмісту шкідливих хімічних речовин і рівнів фізичних, біологічних і психоемоційних факторів в об’єктах навколишнього середовища, обгрунтування безпечних для людини вмістів шкідливих речовин і рівнів. факторів у цих об’єктах. Hygienic rationing is limiting the intensity and duration on the human body factors of the environment, i.e. discovering the contents of harmful substances and levels of physical, biological and psychoemotional factors in environmental objects, substantiating the contents of hazardous substances and factors levels in these objects that are safe for people.

Гігієнічний норматив (ГН) - це мінімальна і (або) максимальна величина (рівень) кількісного показника, що характеризує фізичний, хімічний, біологічний чинник навколишнього середовища або певне їх поєднання, комплекс, сукупність, що не справляє негативного впливу на здоров’я людини та її майбутніх поколінь. ГН обмежує умови, визнані гігієнічною наукою, допустимі для життєдіяльності людини. Hygienic norm is a minimum and (or) maximum value (level) of quantitative index, characterizing environmental physical, chemical and biological factor or combinations of them, a complex, a set that does not cause negative influence on human health. Hygienic norm limits the conditions determined by the hygienic science that are acceptable for human life.

Гігієнічні вимоги - комплекс вимог до об’єкта дослідження, які унеможливлюють прояви його шкідливого впливу на здоров’я людини та навколишнє середовище (ДСТУ 3038). Hygienic requirements are a complex of requirements to the object under investigation that make impossible the manifestations of its hazardous influence on human health and the environment. (State Standards of Ukraine 3038)

Глибокий вогнезахист - вогнезахист маси виробу, матеріалу, конструкції. Deep fire protection is a fire protection of article, material and construction weight.

Гостра дія - найменша доза або концентрація речовини, що спричинює при одноразовій дії зміни біологічних показників на рівні цілісного організму, які виходять за межі фізіологічних пристосувальних реакцій. Acute effects - the lowest dose or substance concentration that causes a change of biological indicators at the level of the whole organism, which go beyond the physiological adaptive reactions.

Горіння - екзотермічна реакція окиснення речовини, яка супроводжується виділенням диму та (або) виникненням полум’я і (або) свічення. Burning is an exothermal reaction of substance oxidation, accompanied by smoke and (or) flame and (or) fluorescence.

Горючий матеріал - матеріал, що під впливом вогню або високої тем­ператури спалахує, чи тліє, чи обвуглюється та далі горить, чи тліє, чи обвуглюється після ліквідування джерела запалювання. Combustible material is a material, which under the influence of fire and high temperature, blazes up, or glows, or chars and further burns or glows, or chars after the elimination of the source of fire.

Граничнодопустиме значення шкідливого (виробничого) чинника - граничне значення величини шкідливого виробничого чинника, вплив якого на людину в разі його щоденної регламентованої три­валості не призводить до зниження працездатності і захворювання в період трудової діяльності та в подальший період життя, а також негативно не впливає на здоров’я нащадків. Threshold value of harmful (production factor) is a top value of hazardous industrial factor, whose influence on human in case of its daily regulated duration does not reduce efficiency and cause disease in the period of employment and beyond, and do not adversely affect the health of children.

Граничнодопустима концентрація (ГДК) - це максимальна кількість шкідливої речовини в одиниці об’єму або маси, яка при щоденній дії протягом необмеженого проміжку часу не викликає будь-яких хворобливих змін в організмі і негативних спадкових змін у нащадків; служить умовною, еталонною, реперною (відрахунковою) речовиною, яка визначена в лабораторних умовах; одиниця масштабу, від якої вимірюють ступінь небезпеки забруднення об’єктів навколишнього середовища. Permissible concentration (MPC) is the maximum amount of pollutant per volume or weight, which in the daily activities for an indefinite period of time does not cause any pathological changes in the body and negative genetic changes in offspring; serves as a conditional, reference substance as determined in laboratory conditions; unit scale, by which the degree of danger of the environment contamination is measured.

Державний санітарний нагляд (Д.с.н.) - спостереження за дотриманням державними органами, місцевими органами самоврядування, підприємствами та установами, іншими суб’єктами господарювання та громадянами санітарного законодавства, санітарних та протиепідемічних норм і правил з метою попередження, виявлення та припинення їх порушень, яке здійснюється від імені держави органами та установами санітарно-епідеміологічної служби Міністерства охорони здоров’я України. State sanitary supervision (S.S.S.) - monitors compliance by state agencies, local governments, enterprises and institutions, other entities and individuals sanitary legislation, sanitary and epidemic rules and regulations for the prevention, detection and suppression of their violations. It is carried out on behalf of the state organs and institutions of sanitary-epidemiological service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine.

Д.с.н. попереджувальний - нагляд, що здійснюється при проектуванні, будівництві нових об’єктів промислового, житлово-комунального та культурно-побутового призначення, при їх реконструкції та зміні технологічного процесу, а також контроль за відповідністю продуктів харчування і промислових виробів санітарним нормам і вимогам. Preventive state sanitary supervision is an inspection, carried out when designing and building new objects of the industrial, municipal, cultural and community purposes, in the course of their reconstruction and change of technological process, and control to ensure food and industrial products sanitary standards and requirements .

Д.с.н. поточний - нагляд за санітарним станом населених міст і діючих об’єктів, за дотриманням на них санітарних та протиепідемічних норм і правил. Current state sanitary supervision is supervision of the sanitary state of cities and existing facilities, adherence to health and preventive rules and regulations.

Державний нагляд за охороною праці – діяльність уповноважених державних органів і посадових осіб, що спрямована на забезпечення виконання органами виконавчої влади, суб’єктами господарювання і працівниками вимог актів законодавства та інших нормативно-правових актів про охорону праці. State State Labour Inspection - activities of authorized state bodies and officials, aimed at ensuring implementation of legislation and other regulations on labour protection by executive authorities, economic operators and employees.

Державний стандарт - одна з основних категорій стандартів; діє на всій території країни, затверджується органами влади (Держстандарт, Держбуд, Кабінет Міністрів). The state standard is one of the main categories of standards, operating throughout the country, approved by the government (State Standard, State Building, the Cabinet of Ministers).

Державні міжгалузеві та галузеві нормативні акти про охорону праці - правила, стандарти, норми, положення, інструкції та інші документи, яким надано чинність правових норм, обов’язкових для виконання. Government multi-sectoral and sectoral regulations on occupational safety are regulations, standards, rules, instructions and other documents granted the validity of legal rules binding.

Джерело запалювання - теплова енергія, що призводить до займання. Source of ignition is a thermal energy, leading to inflammation.

Дільниця роботи інспектора - підприємство (група підприємств або об’єктів), на якому (яких) інспектор здійснює нагляд. Area of the Inspector is the enterprise (the group of enterprises or objects) which the inspector oversees.

Допустимий рівень - кількісний допустимий норматив безпечного рівня дії речовини, який виражається у вигляді концентрації (дози) за певний середній проміжок часу. Minimum safe level is a quantitative permissible standard of secure level of the substance action, which is expressed as a concentration (dose) over an average period of time.

Дорожньо-транспортна пригода - подія, що сталася під час руху транспортного засобу, унаслідок якої загинули або поранені люди чи завдані матеріальні збитки. Traffic accident is an accident, happened during the motion of the vehicle, as a result of which people were either killed or wounded, or material losses were inflicted.

Евакуаційний вихід - вихід із будинку (споруди), безпосередньо назовні. Вихід із приміщення, що веде назовні до коридору чи сходової клітки безпосередньо через суміжне приміщення. Clearing out is away out of the house (building), directly outside. Exit from the room that leads out to the corridor or stairwell directly through the adjacent premises.

Евакуація людей під час пожежі - вимушений процес руху людей із зони, де можливий вплив на них небезпечних факторів пожежі. Evacuation during a fire is the process of forced movement of people from areas where there are potential fire hazards .

Експертиза - висновок, компетентних осіб (особи), які володіють спеціальними знаннями у відповідній галузі; дослідження спеціалістом (або групою спеціалісті) питання, що потребує спеціальних знань у будь-якій галузі науки, наприклад, медицини, техніки, мистецтва тощо з винесенням певних рекомендацій. Examination is a conclusion of competent individuals (person) who have expertise in the relevant field; specialist research (or a group of experts)of an issue that requires special knowledge in any field of science, such as medicine, engineering, art, etc. with the imposition of specific recommendations.

Єдиний комплексний план оздоровчих заходів - річний план заходів щодо охорони здоров’я працюючих на підприємствах чи в установах (дітей у дошкільних закладах, школах тощо), який складається спільними зусиллями профспілкової організації, медико-санітарної частини і санітарно-епідеміологічної станції. Single comprehensive plan of recreational activities - year action plan for workers health care at companies or institutions (for children in pre-school institutions, schools, etc.), composed jointly by the trade union organization, health and sanitary-epidemiological station.

Жертва пожежі - загибла людина, смерть якої перебуває в прямому причинному зв’язку з пожежею. Fire victim is a perished person, whose death is causally connected with fire.

Забудовна територія - частина території міста, призначена для будівництва житлових і громадських будинків, розміщення садів, парків, бульварів та ін. Built-up area is the part of the town territory, intended for the construction of residential and public buildings, location of gardens, parks, boulevards, etc.

Загальна гігієна - розділ гігієни, який вивчає загальні закономірності впливу чинників навколишнього середовища на здоров’я людини та розробляє методичні підходи до їх дослідження. General hygiene is Hygiene section, studying general regularities of the influence of environmental factors on human health and developing systematic approaches to their research.

Загорання - виникнення горіння під впливом джерела запалювання. Inflammation is a burning outbreak under the influence of the ignition source.

Загроза пожежі - ситуація, що склалася на об’єкті, яка характеризується ймовірністю виникнення пожежі, що перевищує нормативну. Fire menace is the situation, happened on the object and is not more than a normative one, characterized by fire origin probability.

Займання - неконтрольоване горіння поза спеціальним вогнищем без завдавання шкоди. Ignition is an uncontrolled burning outside special bonfire without doing harm.

Запиленість - санітарний показник забруднення повітря, що виражається співвідношенням ваги пилу до одиниці об’єму повітря (в мг/ м³). Dustiness is a sanitary index of air pollution, expressed by the correlation of dust weight to air volume (milligram/cubic metre).

Засіб захисту на виробництві - засіб, використання якого попереджує або зменшує дію на одного чи більше працюючих небезпечних і (або) шкідливих виробничих факторів. Occupational security means are the means, whose use prevents or lessens the action of dangerous and (or) hazardous industrial factors on one or more workers.

Засіб захисту (працівника) - засіб, призначений для запобігання або зменшення впливу на працівника небезпечних і (або) шкідливих виробничих чинників. Security means (of the worker) are the means, intended for prevention or abatement of the influence of dangerous and (or) hazardous industrial factors on the worker.

Засіб індивідуального захисту - засіб, призначений для захисту однієї особи. Means of individual defence are the means, intended for protection of one person.

Засіб колективного захисту - засіб, призначений для одночасного захисту двох і більше осіб. Means of collective defence - the means, intended for simultaneous protection of one person or more.

Захисне взуття - взуття, призначене для попередження або послаблення дії на ноги людини травмуючих факторів. Protective foot-wear is the foot-wear, intended for warning or weakening of hazardous factor actions on person’s feet.

Захисний одяг - одяг, призначений для попередження або послаблення дії на шкіру (або через шкіру) людини травмуючих факторів. Protective clothing is the clothing designed for the prevention or weakening of traumatic factors on the human skin.

Захищена площа (об’єм) - площа (об’єм) приміщення, будівлі, споруди, яку може впевнено захистити один технічний засіб (система) пожежогасіння з виникненням пожежі в будь-якому місці. Protected area (volume) is an area (volume) of premises, building or construction, which can be definitely protected with one technical means (system) of fire extinguishing in case of fire arising at any place.

Звітна документація - документація, що містить звітні дані. Reports - documentation containing data records.

Здоров’я - стан повного фізичного, душевного й соціального благополуччя, а не тільки відсутність хвороби або фізичних дефектів. Health is a state of full physical, mental and social prosperity, but not only the sickness or physical defects absence.

Знак безпеки праці - знак, призначений для попереджування працівників про можливу небезпеку, заборону або припис певних дій, а також для інформування про розміщення об’єктів, використання яких пов’язано із унеможливленням або зниженням наслідків дії небезпечних і (або) шкідливих виробничих чинників. Labour security signal is a sign, intended for workers’ warning about possible danger, prohibition or instructions of some actions and for informing about objects location, the use of which is connected with making impossible or reducing the consequences of dangerous and (or) hazardous industrial factors.

Знаки безпеки праці - знаки, призначені для попередження працівника про можливу небезпеку, про необхідність використання відповідних засобів захисту, а також такі, що дозволяють і забороняють певні дії працюючих. Labour security signals are the signs, intended to warn the workers about possible danger, the necessity of appropriate means of defense and allow or prohibit certain actions of workers.

Зовнішня пожежна драбина - драбина, що призначена для підйому бойового складу пожежних підрозділів та пожежно-технічйого обладнання на дахи будинків і споруд. Fire escape staircase is a ladder, intended for lifting fire fighting units and fire-technical equipment onto the houses and buildings roofs.

Зона дихання - простір у радіусі 50 см від обличчя працівника. Breathing zone - the space within a radius of 50 cm from the face of the employee.

Зупинка робіт (об’єктів) - припинення подальшого технологічного процесу (подальшої експлуатації об’єкта) й оформленням відповідного документу. Shutdown (of the objects) is a suspension of further technological process (further object exploitation) and drawing up an appropriate document.

Інтоксикація - патологічний стан, зумовлений загальною дією на органіам токсичних речовин або речовин екзогенного походження. Intoxication is a pathological condition that results from the total effect on the body of toxic substances or substances of exogenous origin.

Ймовірність виникнення пожежі - математична величина можливості появи необхідних і достатніх умов виникнення пожежі. Fire arising probability is a mathematical quantity of emergence possibility of necessary and sufficient conditions for fire origin.

Ймовірність впливу небезпечних факторів пожежі - математична величина можливостей впливу небезпечних факторів пожежі із заздалегідь визначеними значеннями їх параметрів. Probability of influence of dangerous fire factors is a mathematical quantity of possible influence of dangerous fire factors with predetermined values of their parameters.

Категорія робіт - розмежувайня.робіт за тяжкістю праці, напруженістю, ступенем професійної небезпеки (шкідливості). Labour category is a job division according to brunt, intensity, level of professional risk ( hazard).

Колір безпеки - установлений колір, призначений для привернення уваги працівника до окремих елементів виробничого обладнання і (або) будівельної конструкції, які можуть бути джерелами небезпечних і (або) шкідливих виробничих чинників, а також до засобі пожежогасіння і знаків безпеки. Colour of safety is a fixed colour, intended for attracting workers’ attention to some elements of industrial equipment and (or) building constructions, which can be the sources of dangerous and (or) hazardous industrial factors, as well as for fire extinguishing and safety signals.

Комплексне обстеження - обстеження підприємства (підприємств) групою спеціалістів різних видів нагляду і спеціалізації для всебічної перевірки стану технічної безпеки на підприємстві в цілому. Comprehensive survey is survey of enterprise (business) by a group of experts of various kinds of oversight and expertise for comprehensive verification of technical safety of the enterprise as a whole.

Контрольно-профілактичиа робота (контрольна діяльність) - комплексна діяльність, яка включає контроль і профілактичні заходи, направлені на попередження аварій і виробничого травматизму, раціональне використання родовищ корисних копалин і охорону надр, збереження вибухових матеріалів і правильне їх використання в народному господарстві. Controlling and preventive work (control activities) is a complex activity that includes the control and prevention measures aimed at preventing accidents and occupational injuries, management of mineral resources, conservation of explosive materials and their proper use in the national economy.

Лікар санітарний з охорони праці (лікар-гігієніст з гігієни праці) - спеціаліст із проблем санітарного нагляду за дотриманням на промислових, будівельних і сільськогосподарських підприємствах гігієнічних норм і правил, спрямованих на профілактику професійних захворювань, зниження захворюваності працюючих. Sanitary inspector (doctor-hygienist) is a specialist in problems of sanitary supervision over following hygienic norms and rules at industrial, building and agricultural enterprises, directed at the prophylaxis of professional diseases, decrease of workers’ morbidity.

Ліквідація пожежі - дії, спрямовані на остаточне припинення горіння, а також на виникнення можливості його повторного виникнення. Fire elimination is the actions, directed at final fire ceasing and also at the possibility of its repeated breaking out.

Локалізація пожежі - дії, спрямовані на запобігання можливості подальшого поширення горіння і створення умов для його успішної ліквідації наявними силами та засобами. Localization of fire - action to prevent further spread of fire and create conditions for its successful elimination by the available forces and means.

Медичний огляд - огляд працівників спеціальною комісією лікарів з обов’язковими лабораторними, клінічними і функціональними дослідженнями з метою визначення можливості допущення до виконання конкретної роботи (до професії) за станом здоров’я. Medical examination is an examination of workers by special commission along with compulsory laboratory, clinical, dynamic research, aimed at estimation of the possibility of allowance to execution of specific job (profession) for health reasons.

Медичне протипоказання - наявність в організмі працівника анатомо-фізіологічних відхилень або патологічних процесів, які перешкоджають виконанню певної роботи. Medical contraindication is a presence of anatomical and physiological abnormalities or pathological processes that hinder workers in performing certain work.

Межа вогнестійкості - інтервал часу (у годинах чи хвилинах), від початку вогневого стандартного випробування зразків до виникнення одного з граничних станів елементів і конструкцій. Примітка. Граничний стан встановлюється діючими методиками. Limit of fire resistance is how long (in hours or minutes) from the beginning of the standard fire test of samples to the emergence of a limit state of elements and structures. Note. Limit condition is established by current techniques.

 

Мікроклімат - комплекс фізичних чинників навколишнього середовища, в обмеженому просторі, який впливає на тепловий обмін організму. Microclimate is a

complex of physical factors of the environment in a confined space, which affects the body heat exchange.

Мінімальна вогнегасна концентрація засобів об’ємного гасіння - найменша концентрація засобів об’ємного гасіння в повітрі, яка забезпечує миттєве гасіння дифузійного полум’я речовини в умовах експерименту. Minimum extinguishing concentration of surround suppression - the lowest concentration of surround suppression in the air, providing instant diffusion flame quenching of the substances in the experiment.

Напруженість праці - характеристика трудового процесу, що відображає переважне навантаження на центральну нервову систему. The tension of work is the description of the labor process, reflecting the substantial burden on the central nervous system.

Небезпека - потенційне джерело шкоди. Danger is a potential source of harm.

Небезпечна зона - простір, в йкому можлива дія на працівника небезпечних і (або) шкідливих виробничих факторів. Dangerous zone is a space in which the dangerous and (or) hazardous industrial factors may have a possible influence on a person.

Небезпечний (виробничий) чинник - виробничий чинник, вплив якого на працівника в певних умовах призводить до травм, гострого отруєння або іншого раптового різкого погіршення здоров’я або до смерті. Dangerous (industrial) factor is a production factor, which influences a worker under certain conditions and causes traumas, acute poisoning or sudden health decline or death.

Небезпечний фактор пожежі - фактор пожежі, вплив якого призводить до травми, отруєння чи загибелі людини, а також до матеріальних збитків. Dangerous fire factor is a fire factor, which influence causes traumas, poisoning or person’s death and also material losses.

Небезпечність речовини - властивість речовини при попаданні в організм людини викликати шкідливі для здоров’я ефекти в реальних умовах виробництва або використання хімічних речовин. Substance hazard is the substance property to cause hazardous effects on health under real production conditions or when it gets into person’s organism.

Негорючий матеріал - матеріал, який під впливом вогню чи високої температури не спалахує, не тліє і не обвуглюється. Incombustible material is a material, which neither blazes up, nor glows, nor chars under the influence of fire or high temperature.

Недопустимий ризик - ризик, якого сучасний рівень розвитку науки, техніки й технології дозволяє уникнути. Inadmissible risk is a risk, which can be avoided due to modern level of science, technique and technology development.

Непрацездатність - повна чи часткова втрата загальної або професійної працездатності внаслідок захворювання, нещасного випадку або вродженої фізичної вади. Disability is a total or partial loss of general or professional working capacity as a result of illness, accident or innate physical defect.

Несприятливий чинник - причина захворювання, зміни фізіологічних, біохімічних, імунологічних, генетичних та інших показників стану організму. Unfavourable factor is a cause of illness, modification of physiological, biochemical, immunological, genetical and other indices of health state.

Нещасний випадок - непередбачений збіг обставин і умов за яких була заподіяна шкода здоров’ю або настала смерть людини. Accident is an unpredictable concatenation of circumstances and conditions under which some health harm was done or it caused a person’s death.

Нещасний випадок на виробництві - випадок дії на працівника небезпечного виробничого фактора при виконанні ним трудових обов'язків або завдань керівника робіт. Accident at production is a case of action of a dangerous industrial factor on a worker during his execution of labour duties or the tasks, given by the boss.

Освітлення - використання променистої енергії, що спричинює світлове відчуття для забезпечення сприйняття та психофізіологічного комфорту людини. Lightening is a use of radiant energy, causing light feeling for ensuring perception and psychophysiological comfort of a person.

Особиста гігієна - галузь гігієни, яка вивчає питання збереження та зміцнення здоров’я людини шляхом дотримання гігієнічного режиму її життя та діяльності. Individual hygiene is a branch of hygiene, studying the issues of maintaining and strengthening person’s health by following hygienic regimen of his/her life and activity.

Охорона здоров’я працівників - комплекс заходів, спрямованих на збереження здоров’я працівникам з врахуванням категорії виконування робіт та виробничого середовища. Workers health care is a complex of measures, directed at maintaining workers’ health, taking into account the job categories and industrial environment.

Охорона материнства і дитинства - система Державних і громадських медико-соціальних заходів, спрямованих на охорону та зміцнення здоров’я жінки, народження і виховання здорової дитини. В Україні ця система спирається на законодавство, охорону жіночої праці, праці вагітної та матері, що годує дитину, соціально-правову охорону матері та дитини, а також на широку мережу соціальних лікувально-профілактичних закладів, які надають акушерсько-гінекологічну та педіатричну допомогу. Maternal and child care is a system of state and civic medical and social measures, aimed at maintaining and strengthening the woman’s health, birth and upbringing of a healthy child. In Ukraine this system is based on the legislation, women labour protection and labour protection of the pregnant and suckling mothers, social and legal protection of mother- and- child and on the wide network of social medical and prophylactic institutions, rendering obstetric-gynecologic and pediatric aid.

Охорона праці - це система правових, соціально-економічних, організаційно-технічних, санітарно-гігієнічних і лікувально-профілактичних заходів та засобів, спрямованих на збереження здоров’я і працездатності людини в процесі праці. Occupational safety and health is a system of legal, social and economic, logistical, sanitary and hygienic treatment and prophylactic measures and means, directed at maintaining person’s health and working capacity in the process of work.

Перевірка виконання приписів - обстеження об’єкта, підприємства з метою контролю виконання раніше виданого припису. Check of the implementation of regulations is facility and enterprise inspection to control the execution of the earlier issued prescriptions.

ІІеревтома - сукупність стійких несприятливих для здоров’я працівників функціональних порушень в організмі, які виникають внаслідок накопичення стомлення. Fatigue is a set of persistent adverse health disturbances in the body, resulting from the accumulation of fatigue.

Перегрівання - стан організму, що виникає внаслідок накопичення в ньому тепла від навколишнього середовища. Overheating is a state of body, occurring as a result of its heat accumulation from the environment.

Переохолодження - стан організму, що виникає внаслідок надмірного віддавання тепла в навколишнє середовище. Overcooling is a state of body, occurring as a result of excessive return of heat into the environment.

Періодичний медичний огляд - медичний огляд працівників, який проводять з установленою періодичністю з метою виявлення ознак виробничо зумовлених захворювань, а також патологічних станів, що розвинулися протягом трудової діяльності та перешкоджають роботі далі з певним фахом (ДСТУ 3038).

Periodic physical examination is a medical examination of workers, which is done with the established intervals for any signs of occupational diseases and pathological conditions developed for employment and further impede the work with a particular specialty (ISO 3038).

Пестициди - хімічні речовини, які використовуються для захисту рослин від хвороб, для знищення шкідників, а також для боротьби з носіями захворювань людей і.тварин; більшість пестицидів токсична для людини, їх застосування суворо регламентоване. Pesticides are the chemical agents, used for plants protection from the diseases, pests’ eradication as well as a combat against the carriers of people and animals diseases. The majority of the pesticides are toxic for people and their use is strictly regulated.

Підконтрольний об’єкт - виробнича технологічна установка, устаткування, виріб, що контролюється органами Державного нагляду охорони праці. Object under control is industrial technological installations, equipment or products, which are controlled by Public Oversight of Labour.

Підконтрольне підприємство – адміністративно-господарська або адміністративно-технічна одиниця, на якій застосовуються контрольовані органами Державного нагляду охорони праці об’єкти, устаткування або технологія виробництва. Enterprise under control is an administrative and economic or administrative and technical unit where objects, equipment or production technologies controlled by Public Oversight of Labour are used.

План евакуації під час пожежі - документ, у якому вказано евакуаційні шляхи та виходи, визначені правила поведінки людей, а також порядок і послідовність дій обслуговуючого персоналу на об’єкті при виникненні пожежі. Fire evacuation plan is a document in which evacuation routes and exits are indicated, rules for people’s behaviour as well as the order and actions sequence of supporting staff at the object in case of fire are prescribed.

План пожежогасіння об’єкта - документ, що визначає основні питання організації гасіння пожежі, яка поширилася на об’єкті. Plan for object fire extinguishing is a document, defining main issues of organising the fire extinguishing which has spread on the object.

Поверхневий вогнезахист - вогнезахист поверхні виробу, матеріалу, конструкції. Surface fire protection is a fire protection of the goods, material and construction surface.

Повідомлення (оповіщення) - письмове повідомлення керівника підприємства про усунення порушень вимог, правил і норм, виявлених при обстеженні і викладених у приписах. Message (Alert) is a written message to the company manager to eliminate violations of the requirements, rules and regulations identified in the survey and shared in prescriptions

Повітряне середовище - компонент середовища, життєдіяльності людини, що являє собою об’єм навколишнього повітря, склад і властивості якого безпосередньо впливають на фізіологічні процеси і підлягають гігієнічному нормуванню. The air is the component of the environment and human life, which is the volume of air, the composition and properties of which directly affect physiological processes and are subject to hygienic regulation.

Пожежа - це неконтрольоване горіння поза межами спеціального вогнища. Залежно від розмірів матеріальних збитків пожежі поділяються на особливо великі, великі та інші. Не належать до пожеж випадки горіння, спричинені специфікою технологічного процесу виробництва чи умовами .роботи промислових установок та агрегатів; вибухи та спалахи без наступного горіння; випадки самоспалювання, якщо це не призвело до поширення вогню. Fire is an uncontrolled burning beyond the limits of a special bonfire. Depending on the size of material losses fires are divided into very large, large and etc.. The cases of burning, caused by the peculiarities of technological production process or by the labour conditions of industrial units and sets; explosions and flashes without further burning; the cases of self-immolation, not leading to fire expansion, don’t not belong to fire.

Пожежна небезпека - можливість виникнення та (або) розвитку пожежі. Fire hazard is the possibility of fire development.

Пожежна профілактика - комплекс організаційних і технічних заходів, спрямованих на забезпечення безпеки людей, запобігання пожежі, обмеження її розповсюдження, а також створення умов для успішного гасіння пожежі. Fire prophylaxis is a complex of organizational and technical measures, directed at people’s security, fire prevention and limitation of its expansion as well as creation favourable conditions for successful fire extinguishing.

Пожежне (вогневе) навантаження - загальний тепловий потенціал, який враховує кількість горючого матеріалу, що припадає на 1 м² площі підлоги будинку чи споруди. Fire (fiery) load is a common thermal potential, taking into account the quantity of combustible material that goes to one square meter of the building floor area.

Пожежний відсік - об’єм будинку (споруди), виділений протипожежними перешкодами. Fire compartment is a capacity structure, separated with fire prevention obstacles.

Пожежний нагляд - функція органів пожежної охорони, яка полягає у здійсненні контролю за виконанням заходів, спрямованих на забезпечення пожежної безпеки об'єктів та підвищення .ефективності боротьби з пожежами. Fire inspection is a function of fire prevention organs, consisting in exercising control over execution measures, aimed at ensuring the objects fire safety and fire combat improvement effectiveness.

Пожежно-оперативне обслуговування - функція пожежних підрозділів, що полягає в рятуванні людей, ліквідації пожеж та загорань, а також у підтримці пожежної техніки у стані постійної готовності. Fire Service Operations is a function of fire subdivisions, consisting in people’s rescue, fire and burning elimination and also maintenance of fire techniques in the stateof constant readiness.

Пожежобезпека об’єкта - стан об’єкта, за якого з регламентованою ймовірністю виключається можливість виникнення і розвитку пожежі та впливу на людей небезпечних чинників пожежі, а також забезпечується захист матеріальних цінностей. Fire safety of the object is an object state in which fire origin possibility and its development and the influence of dangerous fire factors on people is excluded with regulated probability and the protection of material values is secured.

Показники контрольно-профілактичної роботи - числові вирази результатів контрольно-профілактичної роботи за відповідний період. Control and prophylactic job indices are the numerical expressions of the control prophylactic job results over the certain period of time.

Показник пожежної небезпеки -величина, що кількісно характеризує будь-яку властивість пожежної небезпеки. Fire danger index is a value, characterising quantitatively any fire danger property.

Полум’я - горіння у газовій фазі, що супроводжується випромінюванням світла та тепла. Flame is a gas phase burning, accompanied with light and warmth emission.

Попередній медичний огляд - медичний огляд, який проводиться під час влаштування на роботу для визначення початкового стану здоров’я претендента та його відповідності конкретно обраній професії (ДСТУ 3038). Preliminary medical examination is a physical examination, conducted during employment to determine the initial health status of the applicant and its relevance to specifically chosen profession (ISO 3038).

Попередній нагляд (попереднагляд) - нагляд за дотриманням вимог нормативно-технічної документації на період проектування, будівництва або реконструкції підприємства (об'єкта), а також на період пусконалагоджувальних робіт. Previous supervision is supervising compliance with legal and technical documentation for a period of the object design, construction or reconstruction activities, as well as the commissioning period.

Постійне робоче місце - робоче місце, на якому працівник перебуває половину або більшу частину свого робочого часу (понад дві години безперервно).

Примітка. Якщо за цих обставин робота виконується на різних дільницях робочої зони, постійним робочим місцем вважається вся зона. Permanent workplace is a workplace, where a worker spends half or larger part of his/her working hours (more than 2 hours perpetually).

Note. If the work is done under these conditions in different bays of working area, the whole zone is considered to be a permanent working place.

Правила пожежної безпеки - комплекс положень, які визначають порядок дотримування вимог та норм пожежної безпеки при будівництві та експлуатації об’єкта. Fire safety rules are a complex of regulations, defining the order of fulfillment of fire safety requirements and norms in the course of object building and exploitation.

Працездатність - здатність людний виконувати певну роботу, яка визначається рівнем її фізичних і психофізіологічних можливостей, а також станом здоров’я і професійною підготовленістю. Working capacity is a person’s capacity to do some work, which is prescribed by the level of his/her physical and psychophysiological abilities as well as by health state and professional qualifications.

Припис - документ, в якому викладаються виявлені порушення, терміни їх усунення і пропонуються заходи. Видається керівнику підприємства (структурного підрозділу) за підписом особи, яка проводила або керувала перевіркою.

Prescription is a document which outlines the violations found, the timing of their removal and the proposed measures. It is handed in to the plant (or structural unit) manager and is signed by the person who conducted or supervised the test.

Причина пожежі - явище чи обставини, що безпосередньо спричинюють виникнення пожежі. Fire cause is a phenomenon or circumstances that directly lead to fire origin.

Причини травмування (аварії, порушення) - недоліки конкретного виробничого процесу, виробничого обладнання і робітника, усунення яких зробило б неможливим даний випадок травмування (аварії, порушення). Injury (accident, violation) causes are the faults of certain production process, industrial equipment and a worker, the elimination of which would make impossible the case of injury (accident, violation).

Продукти горіння - речовини, що утворюються внаслідок горіння. Combustion products are the substances, being formed as a result of burning.

Промислова безпека - безпека від аварій на виробничих об’єктах і наслідків цих аварій. Industrial safety is the safety from accidents at industrial objects and consequences of these accidents.

Промислові отрути - речовини, що зустрічаються в процесі трудової діяльності людини як вихідні, проміжні, побічні та кінцеві продукти у вигляді газу, пари чи рідини, а також пилу, диму чи туману і які, чинять шкідливий вплив на працюючих людей у випадку порушення правил техніки безпеки і гігієни праці, проникаючи в організм у кількості, що не відповідає його спадковим та набутим властивостям (у ряді випадків мова йде про чужу для організму якість зовнішньої дії). Industrial toxins are substances encountered in the human working activity as initial, intermediate, side and end products in the form of gas, vapor or liquid, as well as dust, smoke or fog and which commit harmful effect on working people in case of violations of Technology safety and health regulations, penetrating into the body in an amount which does not meet his/her hereditary or acquired properties (in some cases we are talking about an unnatural quality of the external influence on the body.

Промислова продукція підвищеної небезпеки - машини, механізми, обладнання, технічні системи (комплекси), інші технічні засоби праці, що характеризуються підвищеним ступенем ризику виникнення аварій, пожеж, загрози життю, заподіяння шкоди здоров’ю чи довкіллю. Increased risk industrial production - vehicles, machinery, equipment, technical systems (complexes), other technical means of labor, characterized by an increased risk of accidents, fires, threats to life, injury to health or the environment.

Протидимний захист - комплекс організаційних і технічних засобів, спрямованих на запобігання впливу на людей диму, підвищеної температури та токсичних продуктів горіння. Antismoke defence is a complex of organizational and technical means, directed at preventing smoke, higher temperature, toxic combustion products influence on people.

Протипожежна перешкода - будівельна конструкція, інженерна споруда, чи технічний засіб, що має нормовану межу вогнестійкості, яка перешкоджає розповсюдженню вогню з одного місця в інше. Fire hazard is a building construction, engineering construction, or technical device that has a normalized limit of fire resistance, which prevents the spread of fire from one place to another.

Протипожежне водопостачання - комплекс інженерно-технічних споруд, призначених для збирання і транспортування води, зберігання її запасів та використання її для пожежогасіння. Fire water is a complex of engineering structures designed to collect and transport water, its storage and use for fire fighting.

Протипожежний режим - комплекс встановлених норм поведінки людей, правил виконання робіт та експлуатації об’єкта (виробу), спрямованих на забезпечення його пожежної безпеки. Fire mode is a set of norms of human behavior, rules of work and operation of the object (product) to ensure its fire safety.

Протипожежний стан об’єкта - стан об’єкта, що характеризується кількістю пожеж та рівнем збитків від них, кількістю загорань, а також травм, отруєнь і загиблих людей, рівнем реалізації вимог пожежної безпеки, рівнем боєготовності пожежних підрозділів та добровільних формувань, а також протипожежної агітації та пропаганди. Status of fire is the state of the object, characterized by the number of fires and the level of damage from them, the number of injuries, poisoning and loss of life, the level of fire safety requirements, the level of combat readiness of units and volunteer fire units and fire agitation and propaganda.

Протипожежні вимоги - інженерно-технічне обладнання чи організаційні заходи, спрямовані на запобігання пожежі чи її розповсюдження, та гасіння. Як правило, містяться у нормативно-технічних та правових актах державного чи відомчого рівнів. Fire protection requirements - technical equipment or arrangements to prevent fire or its spread, and extinguish. As a rule, contained in the regulatory, technical and legal acts of state or departmental levels.

Професійна захворюваність - явище, що характеризується сукупністю професійних захворювань. Occupational disease is a phenomenon, characterised by the combination of occupational diseases.

Професійна хвороба, професійне захворювання – патологічний стан людини, зумовлений надмірним напруженням організму або дією шкідливого виробничого чинника під час трудової діяльності. Occupational disease is a pathological condition, caused by the strain of the organism or the action of harmful industrial factors at work.

Професійне отруєння – отруєння, спричинене дією токсичної речовини, контакт з якою був зумовлений характером та умовами професійної діяльності.

Professional poisoning is poisoning, caused by the action of toxic substances, the contact with which was due to the nature and conditions of professional activity.

Ризик – імовірність заподіяння шкоди з урахуванням її тяжкості. Risk is the likelihood of injury in view of its gravity.

Робоча зона – визначений простір, у якому розташовано робочі місця постійного або непостійного (тимчасового) перебування працівників. Business Area is a defined space in which there are permanent or temporary places of work for employees .

Розвиток пожежі – збільшення зони горіння та (чи) ймовірності впливу небезпечних факторів пожежі. Development of fire is burning area increase and (or) the likelihood of fire hazards impact.

Розумова праця – вид трудової діяльності, який потребує переважного напруження сенсорного апарату, емоційної та психічної сфери людини і не потребує значних фізичних зусиль.

Mental work is a kind of employment that requires prevailing strain of sensor system, emotional and mental areas of human and does not require considerable physical efforts.

Самозаймання – початок горіння без впливу джерела запалювання. Self-ignition is to start burning without the influence of the source of ignition.

Самоспалахування - самозаймання, що супроводжується появою полум’я. Spontaneous blaze is self-ignition, accompanied by the appearance of flame.

Санітарна характеристика умов праці – відповідність чинників виробничого середовища гігієнічним вимогам та нормативам. Sanitary characteristics of working conditions are the compliance of production environmental factors with hygienic requirements and standards.

Санітарні норми - офіційні документи, якими встановлюють гранично допустимі значення параметрів факторів навколишнього середовища з метою попередження їх шкідливого впливу на здоров’я людини. Sanitary standards are the official documents, which establish permitted values ​​of environmental factors to prevent their harmful effects on human health.

Санітарні правила - офіційні документи, що містять вимоги до безпечної і нешкідливої для здоров’я населення діяльності підприємств, установ, споруд, обладнання та інструментів. Health regulations are official documents containing the requirements for safe and harmless to human health activities of enterprises, institutions, facilities, equipment and tools.

Санітарно-захисна зона – зона, яка відділяє промислове підприємство від території забудови міст та інших населених пунктів, у межах якої розташування будинків і споруд, а також благоустрій території регламентується санітарними нормами. Sanitary protection zone is the zone that separates the territory of an industrial enterprise of building cities and other settlements within which the location of buildings and structures, and land improvement are regulated by sanitary standards.

Система протипожежного захисту – сукупність організаційних заходів, а також технічних засобів, спрямованих на запобігання впливу на людей небезпечних факторів пожежі та обмеження матеріальних збитків від неї. Fire protection system - a set of organizational and technical means to prevent human exposure to hazards of fire and limit losses from it

Спалахування – займання, що супроводжується появою полум’я. Flashing is ignition, accompanied by the appearance of flame.

Ступінь вогнестійкості - нормована характеристика вогнестійкості будинків і споруд, що визначається межею вогнестійкості основних будівельних конструкцій. Fire resistance degree is a fixed characteristic of buildings and structures fire resistance, defined by fire resistance limit of the main building constructions.

Техніка безпеки - система організаційних заходів і технічних засобів, які запобігають впливу на робітників небезпечних виробничих факторів. Safety measures are a system of organizational measures and technical means that prevents the impact of hazardous working environment on the workers.

Тимчасове робоче місце - робоче місце, на якому працівник перебуває менше половини або меншу частину (менше двох годин безперервно) тривалості і щоденної роботи (зміни). Temporary workplace is a working place, where a worker spends less than a half or a lesser part (less than 2 hours perpetually) of everyday work (shift).

Тління - горіння без випромінювання світла, що, як правило, розпізнається з появою диму. Smoldering is a burning without light emission, as a rule it is identified by smoke appearing.

Травма - пошкодження організму при зовнішньому впливі (при пораненні, ударі тощо). Injury is damage to the body of foreign influence (if injury, stroke, etc.).

Травмуючий фактор - виробничий фактор, вплив якого на працюючого призвів до травми. Traumatising factor is production factor whose influence has led to worker’s injury

Транспортний засіб - пристрій, призначений для перевезення людей і (або) вантажу, а також такий, на якому встановлено спеціальне обладнання чи механізм.

The vehicle is a device designed to transport people and (or) load, and so that has special equipment or machinery.

Трудова діяльність (людини) - реалізація цільової функції, сформованої потребами суспільства, здійснювана у певній організаційно-правовій формі господарювання. Professional activity (of a person) is realization of the objective function, formed by the needs of society and carried out in a particular organizational and legal way.

Трудове каліцтво - втрата здоров’я працівником внаслідок виробничої травми. Employment injury is the loss of workers' health due to occupational injury.

Тяжкість праці - характеристика трудової діяльності людини, яка визначає ступінь залученості до роботи м’язів та відображає фізіологічні витрати внаслідок фізичного навантаження (ДСТУ 3038). The severity of labour is labour characteristic of human activity, which determines the degree of involvement in the work of muscles and reflects the physiological costs due to physical load (ISO 3038).

Умови праці - сукупність параметрів, що характеризують виробниче середовище, в якому відбувається процес праці, і виробниче устаткування, за допомогою яких здійснюється цей процес. Conditions of work is a set of parameters that characterize the work environment in which the labor process takes place and production equipment by which this process is carried out.

Фізична праця - характеристика трудової діяльності людини, яка визначає ступінь залучення до роботи м’язів і відображає фізіологічні витрати внаслідок фізичного навантаження. Physical work is employment characteristics of the person which determine the degree of involvement of the muscles and reflect the physiological costs due to physical exertion.

Фізичні фактори - фактори навколишнього середовища, до яких належать параметри макро- та мікроклімату, шум, вібрація, статична елект­рика, електромагнітні поля різних частот, іонізуюче випромінювання, інфра- і ультразвук, освітлення, підвищений та знижений атмосфер­ний тиск тощо. Physical factors are the environmental factors which include macro- and microclimate parameters, noise, vibration, static electricity, electromagnetic fields of different frequency, ionizing radiation, infra-audible sound and ultrasound, lighting, high and low atmospheric pressure, etc.

Харчове отруєння - гострі захворювання, які виникають унаслідок вживання їжі, масивно контамінованої певними видами мікробів, або такої, що містить токсичні речовини. Food poisoning is acute illness arising from eating food, massively contaminated by certain types of microbes, or one that contains toxic substances.

Хвороба - загальне або часткове обмеження життєдіяльності організму, що обумовлене порушенням компенсаторно-пристосувальних механізмів під впливом внутрішніх факторів і характеризується пору­шенням нормальної життєдіяльності організму, функціональними або морфологічними змінами. Виникнення хвороби пов’язане з впливом на організм шкідливих факторів зовнішнього середовища (фізичних, хімічних, біологічних, психогенних) або внутрішніх факторів. Disease is total or partial disability of the body that is caused by violation of compensatory mechanisms under the influence of internal factors and is characterized by disturbed normal life of the body, functional or morphological changes. The emergence of disease is associated with harmful effects on the body of environmental factors (physical, chemical, biological, psychogenic) or internal factors.

Хибне повідомлення - письмове повідомлення керівника підприємства про усунення порушень правил і норм технічної безпеки, достовірність якого не підтвердилась при особистій перевірці виконання припису. Invalid message is a written message of head of the company concerning elimination of technical safety rules and norms violations, the reliability of which was not confirmed by personal check fulfillment

Хімічні фактори - пари, гази, рідини, що містять різні хімічні сполуки. Chemical factors are vapours, gases, liquids, containing different chemical compounds.

Хімічний вогнезахист - вогнезахист, що ґрунтується на хімічній взаємодії антипірену з оброблюваним матеріалом. Chemical fire protection is fire protection, based on fire-retardant chemical interaction with the material treated.

Цільове обстеження - обстеження підприємства, декількох цехів, об’єктів з метою детального вивчення (перевірки) окремих питань техніки безпеки або раціонального використання і охорони надр. Special purpose inspection is the inspection of an enterprise, of some departments and objects in order to thoroughly examine some issues of occupational safety or rational use and protection of mineral wealth.

Шкідлива речовина - 1) речовина, що має здатність за певних умов спричинювати захворювання або відхилення в стані здоров’я; 2) у системі безпеки праці (за Державним стандартом 1.007-76) - ре­човина, яка при контакті з організмом людини, у випадку порушен­ня вимог безпеки, може спричинювати виробничі травми, професійні захворювання або погіршення стану здоров’я; виявляється сучасними методами як безпосередньо в процесі праці, так і в окремі пері­оди життя нинішнього чи майбутнього поколінь. Hazardous substance is 1) a substance which under certain conditions can cause illness or health problems; 2) in labour safety system ( according to State Standard 1.007-76) it is a substance, which contacting with human organism in case of violation of safety requirements can cause industrial traumas, professional diseases or health deterioration. It is detected by modern methods directly in the process of work and in particular life periods of present or future generations as well.

Шкідливий виробничий фактор - виробничий фактор, дія якого на працюючого в певних умовах призводить до захворювання чи зниження працездатності.

Примітка. Залежно від рівня тривалості дії шкідливий виробничий фактор може стати небезпечним. Hazardous industrial factor is a production factor, whose action on the worker under certain conditions can lead to illness or decrease of work efficiency.

Note. Hazardous industrial factor may become dangerous, depending on how long it lasts.

Шкідливий (виробничий) чинник - виробничий чинник, вплив якого за певних умов може призвести до захворювання, зниження працездатності і (або) негативного впливу на здоров’я нащадків. Hazardous (industrial) factor (agent) is an industrial agent, whose influence under certain conditions can lead to illness, decrease of work efficiency and (or) negative influence on future generation health.

Примітка. Залежно від кількості характеристики (рівня, концентрації тощо) і тривалості впливу шкідливий виробничий чинник може стати небезпечним.

Note. Hazardous industrial agent may become dangerous, depending on the characteristic quantity (of degree, concentration etc) and duration.

Шкода - фізичне ушкодження і (або) збитки, заподіяні здоров’ю людей і (або) майну чи навколишньому середовищу. Harm is physical damage and (or) losses inflicted on people’s health and (or) property or environment.

Шкода від пожежі - жертви пожежі чи матеріальні втрати, що безпосередньо пов’язані з пожежею. Fire harm is fire victims or material losses, directly connected with fire.

Шлях евакуації - шлях, що веде до евакуаційного виходу. Evacuation route is the way leading to evacuation exit.

Шум - неприємний або небажаний звук чи сукупність звуків, що заважають сприйняттю корисних звукових сигналів, порушують тишу, чинять шкідливу або подразливу дію на організм людини, знижують його працездатність. Noise is an unpleasant or unwanted sound or combination of sounds that interfere with the perception of useful sounds, break the silence, cause irritating or harmful effects on human body, reducing its efficiency.

REFERENCES

1. Законодавство України про охорону праці: Збірник нормативних документів. В 4-х т. К.: Основа. 1995.;

2. Охорона праці в Україні. Нормативні документи. - К.: КНТ,2004, 440 с.;

3. Законодавство України про працю. Нормативні документи та коментарі / Упоряд. І.В.Зуб. - 2-ге вид., доп. - К.: А.С.К., 2003. 304 с.;

4. Законодавство України з охорони праці в 3-х т. –К., «Основа», 2006.

5. Практичний коментар до нової редакції Закону України «Про охорону праці» під редакцією Л.О. Мельничук, Харків, «Форт», 2003. – 72 с.

5. Л.А. Катренко, Ю.В. Кіт, І.П. Пістун / Охорона праці. Навчальний посібник з практикумом:.- Суми: ВТД “Університетська книга, 2006 - 496с.;

6. Жидецький В.Ц. Основи охорони праці. Львів: Афіша, 2002. – 320 с.;

7. Ткачук К.Н., Халімовський О.М., Зацарний В.В. та інші. Основи охорони праці. К.: «Основа», 2003.

8. Жидецький В.Ц. Охорони праці користувачів компютерів . Підручник. –Львів: Афіша, 2000.- 176с.;

9. Жидецький В.Ц. , В.С. Джигерей, В.М. Сторожук, Л.В. та інші. Практикум із охорони праці. Навчальний посібник. Львів:- “Афіша” , 2000.-348 с.;

10. Рожков А.П. Пожежна безпека: Навчальний посібник для студентів вищих закладів освіти України. Київ: Пожінформтехніка, 1999. – 256 с.;

11. Пожежна безпека. Нормативні акти та інші документи. У 15 т. – К.: Основа, 1997 – 2009.

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13. Журнали «Охорона праці», 1997-2009.

14. Офіційний сайт Держнаглядохоронпраці www. Dnop.kiev.ua.

15. Сайт http://document.org.ua.

З М І С Т

Вступ		3
Лекція 1. Законодавство України про охорону праці		5
Лекція 2. Управління охороною праці		14
Лекція 3. Виробничий травматизм		18
Лекція 4. Шкідливі речовини, захист від їх дії		20
Лекція 5. Іонізуюче випромінювання		23
Лекція 6. Характеристика виробничого пилу та його дія на організм людини		28
Лекція 7. Метеорологічні умови		30
Лекція 8. Захист від електромагнітних полів		31
Лекція 9. Вентиляція		34
Лекція 10. Виробниче освітлення		37
Лекція 11. Виробничий шум		43
Лекція 12. Вібрація		45
Лекція 13. Ультразвук, інфразвук, інфрачервоне випромінювання		47
Лекція 14. Електробезпека		51
Лекція 15. Пожежна безпека		61
Література		90
Introduction	93
Lecture 1. Ukrainian Legislation on Labour Protection	95
Lecture 2. Labour Protection Management	102
Lecture 3. Occupational Injuries	105
Lecture 4. Harmful Substances and Protection against their Impact	108
Lecture 5. Ionizing Radiation	111
Lecture 6. Occupational Dust and Its Effect on Human Body	115
Lecture 7. Meteorological Conditions	116
Lecture 8. Electromagnetic Field Protection	118
Lecture 9. Ventilation	120
Lecture 10. Industrial Illumination	123
Lecture 11. Industrial noise	128
Lecture 12. Vibration	130
Lecture 13. Ultrasound, infrasound and infrared radiation	132
Lecture 14. Electrical safety	135
Lecture 15. Fire safety	146
Main terms and notions on occupational safety and health (OSH)	173
REFERENCES	206

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