3. He has been writing books since he was a young man. He already (to write) eight books.

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4. Today she has been helping her mother since morning. They already (to wash) the floor and (to dust) the furniture.

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5. This is the factory where my farther works. He (to work) here for fifteen years.

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Упражнение № 6

Объясните, почему вам или кому-либо пришлось сделать что-либо в определенной ситуации. Используйте слова, данные в скобках

Example: Last month my work began at 8. (to get up early)

Last month my work began at 8, so I had to get up early.

1. The bus was overcrowded. (to take a taxi)

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2. It was raining heavily. (to take an umbrella)

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3. My son could not translate the text. (to help him)

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4. The bus was leaving in 5 minutes. (to hurry up)

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5. He was having his exam at the end of January. (to work hard)

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6. Something was wrong with the TV-set. (to call a specialist)

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7. His wife was away on business last week. (to cook meals)

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8. We didn’t get tickets for the evening performance. (to go to the morning performance)

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Упражнение № 7

Объясните, что вам или кому-либо придется делать в данной ситуации. Используйте образец.

Example: Jane cannot do this work in two days. (to help)

Nothing doing. I shall have to help her.

1. Betty can’t take the luggage herself. (to help)

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2. I can’t visit Peter today. (to ring up)

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3. This copy is blind. (to reprint it)

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4. I didn’t manage to cook dinner today. (to have dinner out)

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5. The weather forecast is not promising for the week-end. (to spend the week-end in town)

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6. There are no journals on tin problems in our library. (to go to the public library)

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Раздел 2

Прочитайте, дайте письменный перевод текста №1.

Judges in Great Britain

In Britain the vast majority of Judges (that is the people, who decide what should be done with the people who commit crimes) are unpaid. They are called “Magistrates”, or “Justices of Peace” (JPs). They are ordinary citizens who are selected not because they have any legal training but because they “sound common sense” and understand their fellow human beings. They give up time voluntarily.

A small proportion of judges are not Magistrates. They are called “High Court Judges” and they deal with the most serious crimes, such as those for which the criminal might be sent to prison, for more than a year. High Court Judges unlike Magistrates are paid salaries by the State and have considerable legal training.

Magistrates are selected by special committees in every town and district. Nobody, not even the Magistrates themselves, knows who is on the special committee in their area. The committee tries to draw Magistrates from as wide a variety of professions and social classes as possible.

In this interview, a Magistrate describes the sort of people who come before him, gives examples of a few typical cases and finally talks about difficulty of deciding between when to help a person and when to punish him.

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What kind of people are Magistrates?

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2. Why are they selected?

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3. Who would judge a person who had committed a crime like murder?

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4. Who selects Magistrates and what is unusual about the system?

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5. What does the Magistrate talk about in the interview?

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Прочитайте, дайте письменный перевод текста № 2, выполните задания к тексту:

ATTORNEY GENERAL

1. Attorney general is the chief law officer of a state or nation and the legal adviser to the chief executive. The office is common in almost every country in which the legal system of England has taken root. The office of attorney general dates from the European Middle Ages, by the 15th century an attorney general for the crown was a regular appointee. In time, he became a figure of great influence as new courts and political institutions evolved.

2. Today the British attorney general and his assistant, the solicitor general, represent the crown in the courts and are legal advisers to the sovereign and the sovereign's ministers. The attorney general is a member of the government but not of the cabinet. He is consulted on the drafting of all government bills, advises government departments on matters of law, and has a wide range of court-related duties.

3. By virtue of his position, the attorney general is recognized by the bar as the leader of the legal profession. He has control of the office of public prosecutions, which gives advice on and often conducts criminal prosecutions. Certain offenses can be prosecuted only with the consent of either the attorney general or the director of public prosecutions. The attorney general also has the right to stay criminal proceedings in the superior courts.

4. In the United States the attorney general, a member of the cabinet, is appointed by the president and is the head of the Department of Justice. The attorney general has complete control over the law business of the government, all its other law officers being subordinate to him, though other departments have lawyers on their staffs who are not under his specific direction. He also acts as the legal adviser of the president and of the heads of other cabinet departments. Even U.S. state has an elected attorney general with duties similar to those of the federal attorney general. He is usually elected by the voters at me same time and for the same term as the governor.

Vocabulary:

1. Attorney – прокурор; 2.Executive – исполнительный; 3. Office – ведомство; 4. Evolve – развиваться; 5. sovereign – монарх; 6. Drafting – проект; 7. by virtue – в силу; 8. the bar –- адвокатура; 9. prosecution – обвинение; 10. conduct – вести (дело); 11. Subordinate – подчиненные.

Определите, являются ли утверждения:

• Истинными

• Ложными

• В тексте нет информации

1. The office of attorney general is typical for every country.______________________________________________

2. The solicitor general was a regular appointee in the 15th century. _______________________________________

3. The attorney general conducts most of me criminal prosecutions.____________________________________

4. In the United States the attorney general does not control lawyers of non-government departments._______________

Укажите, какой части текста соответствует следующая информация (1, 2, 3, 4)

5. In the course of time importance of the office of the attorney general increased greatly.______________________

6. Prosecution of certain violations of the law requires consent of the attorney general.________________________

7. Ответьте на вопрос, выбрав правильный ответ из предложенных ниже:

Are there any differences in the responsibilities of the British and the US attorney general?

• Yes, there are. The British attorney general is appointed by the crown, whereas the federal attorney general of the US is elected by the voters.

• Yes, there are. The British attorney general is not a member of the cabinet, while the American one is.

• There are no significant differences.

• Yes, there are. The US attorney general, unlike the British one, is a legal adviser of the head of the state.

8. Определите основную идею текста, выбрав один вариант из предложенных ниже:

__________________________________________________________________________________________

• In time, the office of attorney general turned in the Department of Justice.

• Important differences exist between the criminal of most English-speaking countries.

• The system of courts in English-speaking countries has been reformed recently.

• The position of attorney general as a leader of the legal profession is characterized by a wide range of court-related duties.

Прочитайте, дайте письменный перевод текста № 3.