1. Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is Watt known for?

2. What unit was named in his honour?

JAMES WATT

1.James Watt, a famous inventor and mechanical engineer, was born on January 19, 1736, in Scotland. He worked as a mathematical-instrument maker from the age of 19 and soon became interested in improving the steam engine, which was used at that time to pump out water from mines.

2.Watt is known for his improvements of the steam engine. He determined the properties of steam, especially the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure, and designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented large losses of steam in the cylinder. For this device and other improvements on steam engine Watt received his first patent in 1769.

3.Watt continued his research and patented rotary engine for driving various types of machinery; the double-action engine, in which steam is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder; and the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure in the engine. He retired from the firm manufacturing steam engines in 1800 and devoted himself entirely to research work.

4.In 1788 Watt invented the centrifugal or flyball governor, which automatically regulated the speed of an engine. It uses the feedback principle of a servomechanism, linking output to input, which is the basic concept of automation. The watt, the unit of power, was named in his honour.

2.Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 2, 4.

3. Заполните пропуски соответствующей активной или пассивной формой глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. St. Petersburg (was founded, founded) in 1703 by Peter the Great.

2. In 1788 Watt (was invented, invented) the centrifugal governor.

3. Laws of Motion (were formulated, formulated)by Newton.

4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты:

1. The year 1950 is considered to be the date of the foundation of Volgodonsk.

2. We consider Watt to be a great Scottish scientist.

3. London is known to be the centre of Great Britain.

5. Определите функции инфинитива и переведите предложения на русский язык:

4. At that time Watt began to think of the steam engine.

5. They made some attempts to prove their truth.

6. The text to be translated is given below.

6. Употребите глагол-сказуемое в будущем времени, используя эквиваленты модальных глаголов:

4. Не must observe this law of the University.

5. They may carry out this work at the factory.

6. She can study English abroad.

7. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some, any, no:

1. You can add (some, any, no) sugar in your tea.

2. Marie Curie had (some, any, no) money to finance her experiments.

3. Did Watt make (some, any, no) experiments with the steam engine?

8. а) Прочтите и переведите текст. Выполните задания, которые следуют за ним.

Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.

The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.

б) Заполните пропуски соответствующей по смыслу активной или пассивной формой глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. The atoms (are arranged, arranged) regularly.

2. The study of the production and properties of metals (is known, known) as metallurgy.

3. Metals (are varied, vary) greatly in their properties.

в) Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты:

1. The study of the production and properties of metals is known to be metallurgy.

2. The atoms are supposed to slide over each other.

3. Lead is considered to be soft metal.

г) Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Why are metals most widely used in industry?

2. What is metallurgy?

3. How are the atoms arranged?

4. What varies greatly in properties?

Vocabulary

the binomial theorem— бином Ньютона

plague — чума

matter = substance— вещество

inversely proportional – обратно пропорциональный

the force of gravity – сила притяжения

gravitation — притяжение

an apprentice - ученик, подмастерье

bookbinder's shop— переплетная мастерская

the Royal Society - Королевское научное общество

lightning rod – громоотвод

diesel engine — дизельный двигатель

petrol engine - бензиновый двигатель

petrol tank — бензобак

petrol pump — бензиновый насос

stroke (4-stroke) engine— двухтактный (четырехтактный) двигатель

vehicle - экипаж, повозка, автомобиль

block - узел, блок

valve - клапан

carburetor - карбюратор

positive terminal - положительная клемма

carbon rod - угольный стержень

chemical paste - химическая (активная) масса

steam pressure - давление пара

charge - заряд

to increase the voltage – увеличить напряжение

to decrease the voltage - уменьшить напряжение

steam engine – паровой двигатель

condensing chamber - камера для конденсата

steam indicator – указатель пара

steam pressure – давление пара

unit of power – единица мощности