The Major Types of Foreground

1. Convergence That is concentration in one place of a text a cluster of stylistic devices & expressive means performing one and the same function. A stylistic device is not attached to this or that stylistic effect. The quality of a device enables the author to use different devices for the same purpose. This redundancy encores the delivery of the authors idea. e.g. When he blinks a parrot-like look appears, the look of some heavily blinking tropical bird.

2. Coupling it is the recurrence of the similar elements of the text in similar positions which provides a unity of a poetic structure, for example, in verses that is rhyme, rhythm & parallel constructions

3. Breached of predictability or The defeated Expectancy Effect It has a linear character. Each element is predetermined by the preceeding one which in its turn surves to presuppose the next one. the reader can predict the appearance of a new element, this process is done mechanically and without interruption, unless there appears an element of low predictability, the reader stops and tries to perceive this element. the reader's attention is thus arrested and the element becomes prominent & catches the reader's eye. e.g. There were protestants, democrats and prolific.

The Meaning from a Stylistic point of View.

Words of a language possess lexical and grammatical meanings. It is, in brief, the semantic structure of the word. Grammatical meaning is an expression in speech of relations between words based on contrastive features of arrangements in which they occur. /Arnold/ The grammatical meaning can be called the structural meaning, there are no words which are deprived of grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning is the realization of some concept or emotion by means of a definite language system. /Arnold/ Lexical meanings refer our mind to some concrete concept, phenomenon or thing of objective reality whether real or imaginative. there are words which comprise several lexical meanings of a word fixed by dictionaries make up the semantic structure of a word. However, in speech when used in stylistic context a language units can acquire new meanings, lexical and grammatical. For example in stylistic context the structural meaning may be modified, thus creating a stylistic information. A rhetorical question in its structure is interrogative but actually this structural meaning is modified to such a degree that it comes to mean emphatic affirmation. In a context the semantic structure of a word can be changed acquiring new components, which are regarded as contextual meaning. The grammatical meaning is more abstract & generalized but the lexical meaning of every word depends on the part of speech to which it belongs. It may be used in a limited set of syntactic functions. it has a definite set of grammatical meanings & the deviation from grammatical & lexical form has a stylistic function & provides a strong emphatic effect. e.g. The stupid heart that will not learn the everywhere of grief.