Topic “glonass”

1.

a con­stellation

a.

a spaceship

2.

disrepair

b.

to prepare and arrange (units) for use

3.

a spacecraft

c.

an agent of transmission

4.

coverage

d.

a slope, or the angle of a slope

5.

a vehicle

e.

a number of like satellites that are part of a system.

6.

to deploy

f.

the area reached by a broadcasting station or advertising medium

7.

precision

g.

a group of solar collectors or solar modules connected together

8.

circular

h.

a broken or damaged state

9.

a solar array

i.

the quality of being very accurate and exact

10

inclination

j.

in the shape of a circle

1.

GLONASS is a radio-based satellite navigation system, developed … the former Soviet Un­ion and now operated for the Russian government by the Russian Space Forces.

2.

Development on the GLONASS began … 1976. The con­stellation was completed … 1995, but the system rapidly fell … disrepair with the collapse … the Russian economy.

3.

Beginning … 2001, Russia committed to restoring the system … 2011, and in recent years has diversified, introducing the Indian government as a partner, and accelerated the program with a goal of global coverage … 2009. By 2010, GLONASS had achieved 100% coverage of Russia's territory.

4.

The satellites are located … middle circular orbit … 19,100 km altitude (a bit lower than the U.S. GPS satellites) with a 64.8 degree inclination and a period … 11 hours and 15 minutes.

5.

GLONASS' orbit makes it especially suited … usage … high latitudes (north or south), where getting a GPS signal can be problematic.

6.

The constellation operates … three orbital planes, with 8 evenly spaced satellites … each.

7.

A fully functional GLONASS constellation consists … 24 satellites, with 21 operating and three on-orbit spares, deployed in three orbital planes, while 18 satellites are necessary … covering the territory … Russia.

8.

To get a position fix, the receiver must be in the range … at least four satellites, three of which will be used to determine the user's location and the fourth to synchronise clocks … the receiver and the three other spacecraft.

9.

GLONASS satellites provide two types of navigation signals in the L1 and L2 sub-bands: a standard precision (SP) signal and a high precision (HP) signal. Since 2008, new CDMA signals are being researched for use with GLONASS.

10.

There were three generations … the satellites. The true first generation … Uragan satellites were all 3-axis stabilized vehicles, generally weighing 1,250-kg. These spacecraft demon­strated a 16-month average operational lifetime.

11.

The second generation of satellites, known as Uragan-M (also called GLONASS-M), possess a substantially increased lifetime … seven years and weigh slightly more - 1,480 kg.

12.

The latest designed generation of Uragan-K (GLONASS-K) spacecraft are the third genera­tion … satellites. These satellites are designed … a lifetime of 10 to 12 years, a reduced weight of only 750 kg, and offer an additional L-Band navigational signal. As with the previous satellites, these are 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing … dual solar arrays.

13.

…present the GLONASS system can provide real time position and velocity determination … military and civilian users.

Decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1. The GLONASS system provides continuous year-round navigation support at all hours and regardless of the weather conditions.

2. Russia offered Israel a joint participation in the development of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

3. GLONASS had achieved 100% coverage of Russia's territory in 2012.

4. Users in higher latitude areas, such as Canada, obtain better GLONASS derived dilution of precision (DOP) than user of GPS.

5. Modern satellite navigation solutions are already widely used in various areas of socio-economic sphere.

6. Satellites operate in circular orbits at altitudes of 19,100 km.

7. GLONASS satellite constellation consists of 25 space vehicles, evenly distributed in four orbital planes.

8. There were five generations of the satellites.

9. Glonass-M space vehicles with operational lifetimes of seven years transmit navigation signals in L1 and L2 frequency bands like GLONASS-K.

10. GLONASS-K is the latest satellite design intended as a part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system.