- •Introduction
- •1. Basic approaches to translation and interpretation.
- •2. Translation as intercultural communication.
- •S1 r1 s2 r2 stage 1 stage 3
- •Stage 2
- •Lecture 2
- •1. Translation as a human activity and a mysterious phenomenon.
- •2. Ambiguity problem in translation.
- •Concept
- •Denotatum
- •3. Disambiguation tools.
- •Lecture 3
- •1. Definitions of theory, model and algorithm.
- •2. Language modeling.
- •3. Translation as an object of linguistic modeling.
- •Lecture 4
- •1. The process of translation that creates the product.
- •2. Orientation towards different approaches to investigate the process of translation.
- •3. Requirements for a theory of translation.
- •Lecture 5
- •2. Transformational approach.
- •3. Denotative approach.
- •Transformational Approach
- •Denotative Approach
- •Lecture 6
- •1. Communicational approach. The notion of thesaurus.
- •2. Distributional approach.
- •Lecture 7
- •1. The translator: knowledge and skills.
- •2. Ideal bilingual competence.
- •3. Expertise.
- •4. Communicative competence.
- •Lecture 8
- •1. Stages of the process of translation.
- •2. Editing the source text.
- •3. Interpretation of the source text.
- •4. Interpretation in a new language.
- •5. Formulating the translated text.
- •6. Editing the translated text.
- •Lecture 9
- •3. Instantaneous translation.
- •4. Specific skills required for interpreting “by ear” (at viva voce).
- •Lecture 10
- •1. The level of lexis.
- •2. Sentence level.
- •Lecture 11
- •1. Discourse level.
- •2. The level of variety.
- •3. Elaboration on vocabulary exchange as a method of studying the language of translation.
- •Lecture 12
- •1. Reference theory.
- •2. Componential analysis.
- •3. Meaning postulates.
- •Lecture 13
- •1. Lexical and semantic fields.
- •2. Denotation and connotation.
- •Lecture 14
- •1. Relations of words and sentence to one another.
- •2. Utterance, sentence and proposition.
- •Lecture 15
- •1. Text, context and discourse.
- •2. Levels of contextual abstraction.
- •3. Types of contexts.
- •4. Contextual relationships.
- •Lecture 16
- •1. Cohesion and coherence.
- •Lecture 17
- •1. Formal typologies.
- •3. Text processing (knowledge): syntactic, semantic, pragmatic.
- •Lecture 18
- •1. Interconnection between text production and text reception.
- •2. Problem-solving and text-processing.
- •2. Synthesis: writing. Strategies and tactics.
- •3. Analysis: reading.
- •Робоча навчальна програма дисципліни “теорія перекладу” для напрямків підготовки (спеціальностей): 60305, 7030507.
Lecture 16
Standards of Textuality.
Main points:
1. Cohesion and coherence.
2. Intentionality and acceptability.
3. Informativity, relevance and intertextuality.
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We shall be presenting seven difining characteristics of text; the set of standards which applies to all texts that possess communicative value. Each of the seven is essential and failure to comply with any one of them constitutes failure overall; the “text” which lacks any one of these characteristics is not a text but merely an aggregate /´ægrigit/(сполучення) of words, sounds or letters.
1. Cohesion and coherence.
The “standards” have been proposed in order to answer a number of key questions which the reader (and translator) will need to ask about a text:
How do the clauses hold together? (cohesion) (зчеплення).
How do the propositions hold together? (coherence) (послідовність, узгодження).
Why did the speaker (writer) produce this? (intentionality) (навмисність).
How does the reader take it? (acceptability) (допустимість).
What does it tell us? (informativity).
What is the text for? (relevance) (доречність).
What other texts does this one resemble? (intertextuality) (той, який відноситься до тексту, текстовий, буквальний).
(Admondson, 1981).
The first two standards - cohesion and coherence - are distinct from each other but share one crucial characteristic; they both have the function of binding the text together by creating sequence of meaning.
Cohesion consists of the mutual connection of components of Surface Text within a sentence or clauses (sentences); the process being signalled by lexico-syntactic means (Mood system; Subject, Predicate, etc.). Coherence, in contrast, consists of the configuration of sequencing of the Concept and Relation of the Textual World which underlie and are realized by the surface text. (Actor, Process, Goal, Circumstances).
2. Intentionality and acceptability are oriented to notions of the “real world” and inhabitants of that world. Even if a text is cohesive and coherent it “must be intended to be a text and accepted as such. A producer and a receiver”. (de Beaugrande).
The two are the converse of each other, intentionality being sender-oriented, and acceptability being receiver oriented.
3. Informativity, relevance and intertextuality are concerned with information structure, the relevant of the text to its situation or occurrence and the relationship of the text to other texts.
Texts contain information and a measure of that is the informativity of the text. A text is seen as the realization of choices made from among sets of options. The less probable and predictable a choice is the more interesting it is conversely, choices which are wholly predictable are informative and uninteresting. However, too much information renders the text unreadable, while the converse - too little information renders it readable but not worth reading.
Texts not only contain information, they possess a degree of relevant or situationality in so far as they exist for a particular communicative purpose and link communicative acts (discourse) to the situation in which they occur. Indeed, it is crucially important for the assessment (оцінка) of the appropriateness of a text to know where it occurred and what its function was in that situation.
All seven of the standards of textuality have been implicit in the model of the process of translation and in the knowledge and skills the translator possesses which allow him to translate.