1. Stages of the process of translation.

Five stages are recognized in the process of translation:

• Editing the source text;

• Interpreting the source text;

• Interpreting in a new language;

• Formulating the translated text;

• Editing the formulation.

2. Editing the source text.

It is the study of the source text, firstly, for the purpose of establishing its authorship and secondly, for reaching a linguistic form which is accepted for translation. Editing the source text is particularly important in the case of inscriptions on metal, stones, clay tables or other materials generally found on archaeological sites.

3. Interpretation of the source text.

Two types of interpretation are recognized here: interpretation within one language, and interpretation in a new (i. e. different) language.

The first type is seen in giving the text (or part of it), a reading which goes with the lexis, grammar and the meaning of the text in its linguistic and social context. It depends on the linguistic systems and contexts of the source language, it is an analysis-synthesis process at different levels of linguistic analysis. The translator, as a human agent, is the only interpreter of the to-be-translated text.

4. Interpretation in a new language.

It is the essence of translation. Interpretation in a new language is defined as transformulating a linguistic / verbal text, or part of it, after interpreting it, to a language other than its own. The end product, interpretation in a new language, is a new text, the translated text, which is the most vital part of the translator’s task.

5. Formulating the translated text.

Formulation is a stage of the translation process in which the translator chooses the lexis and structures that would make meaningful sentences functioning in a narrow co-text

as elements of a well structured text. It is the stage during which the translated text gradually takes form.

Three aspects of the formulation of the translated text can be studied and evaluated in the light of the acceptable use in the TL. There are: collection, semantic field, and sentence and text grammar, as they are realized and accepted in the TL.

6. Editing the translated text.

This is the final stage in the translation process. The editing of the formulation takes the form of a careful checking of possible slips of the tongue or other inaccuracies. It also involves a comparison between the translation product on the one hand and the prevailing linguistic features and cultural norms in the text type in the TL on the other.

Lecture 9

Types of Translation

Main points:

1. Pre-dictionary translation.

2. Formulation translation.

3. Instantaneous translation.

4. Specific skills required for interpreting “by ear” (at viva voce).

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1. Pre-dictionary translation.

If all translations are taken into account, three kinds of translation can be recognized:

• Pre-dictionary translation;

• Formulation translation;

• Instantaneous translation. (Omar Sheik Al-Shabab. London. 1996.)

Pre-dictionary translation. Each kinds of translation places emphasis on a certain linguistic process.

This kind of translation lurks in every translation. It is the study of translation before the existence of any bilingual dictionary. The case for studying pre-dictionary translation is generally not recognized at all. But if one recognizes that the “first translator” of any term or text translates with no reference to a dictionary or previously obtained “translation” but by word of mouth or books then it will be easy to see that every translation is at one point a pre-dictionary translation. Pre-dictionary translation is best illustrated in classical texts and masterpieces which have been translated over and over again.

2. Formulation translation. (загальновживаний)

It is a kind of translation in which the translator bypasses pre-dictionary translation and resorts to conventions and ready modes of (pre-dictionary) translation which have been accepted.

The content, topics, lexical items, phraseology and collocations used in formulation translation are, in general, accepted as part and parcel of the TL.

Formulation translation is best exemplified by the media newspapers, radio and television - in which international affairs are discussed in translated text daily, with no reference to translation or translators.

Examples of formulation translation are:

• Media language, written or spoken;

• Commercial and business affairs and correspondence;

• Various document and certificates;

• Political meetings.