2. Leningrad School

It is represented by Щерба and Зинберг. The main idea is the following: the phonemic content of the morpheme is not constant. It can be changed. According to this conception, the initial sounds in “active” and “activity” belong to different phonemes.

Advantages: its simplicity.

Disadvantages:

1) It views phonology in isolation from morphology. The unity between form and content is destroyed.

2) It is difficult to establish the limits within which the allophones of the same phoneme may vary, e.g.: «мел» - «мель», different phonemes, the meaning is changed; “little” – [литль], the meaning is not changed.