Tables
Table A Critical values of D in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test of normality.
Table B Critical values of Kendall’s rank-order correlation coefficient.
Table C Species diversity as a function of the number of species, according to the broken stick model.
Table D Percentage of the total variance of a principal component analysis associated with the successive eigenvalues, according to the broken stick model.
834 |
Tables |
|
|
Table A Critical values of D in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test of normality of distributions, recomputed following Stephens (1974), for mean and variance estimated from the sample data. When the maximum deviation D between cumulative relative frequencies and cumulative normal distribution exceeds the critical value in the Table, one rejects H0: the sample data were drawn from a normal population. Significance levels given at the top of the columns.
n |
α = 0.15 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
0.025 |
0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
0.321 |
0.339 |
0.371 |
0.412 |
0.429 |
5 |
0.297 |
0.314 |
0.343 |
0.382 |
0.397 |
6 |
0.278 |
0.294 |
0.321 |
0.357 |
0.371 |
7 |
0.262 |
0.277 |
0.303 |
0.336 |
0.350 |
8 |
0.248 |
0.263 |
0.287 |
0.319 |
0.332 |
9 |
0.237 |
0.250 |
0.273 |
0.304 |
0.316 |
10 |
0.227 |
0.239 |
0.262 |
0.291 |
0.303 |
11 |
0.218 |
0.230 |
0.251 |
0.279 |
0.290 |
12 |
0.209 |
0.221 |
0.242 |
0.269 |
0.280 |
13 |
0.202 |
0.214 |
0.234 |
0.260 |
0.270 |
14 |
0.196 |
0.207 |
0.226 |
0.251 |
0.261 |
15 |
0.190 |
0.201 |
0.219 |
0.244 |
0.254 |
16 |
0.184 |
0.195 |
0.213 |
0.237 |
0.246 |
17 |
0.179 |
0.190 |
0.207 |
0.230 |
0.240 |
18 |
0.175 |
0.185 |
0.202 |
0.224 |
0.233 |
19 |
0.171 |
0.180 |
0.197 |
0.219 |
0.228 |
20 |
0.167 |
0.176 |
0.192 |
0.214 |
0.222 |
21 |
0.163 |
0.172 |
0.188 |
0.209 |
0.218 |
22 |
0.159 |
0.168 |
0.184 |
0.205 |
0.213 |
23 |
0.156 |
0.165 |
0.180 |
0.200 |
0.209 |
24 |
0.153 |
0.162 |
0.177 |
0.197 |
0.204 |
25 |
0.150 |
0.159 |
0.173 |
0.193 |
0.201 |
26 |
0.147 |
0.156 |
0.170 |
0.189 |
0.197 |
27 |
0.145 |
0.153 |
0.167 |
0.186 |
0.193 |
28 |
0.142 |
0.150 |
0.164 |
0.183 |
0.190 |
29 |
0.140 |
0.148 |
0.162 |
0.180 |
0.187 |
30 |
0.138 |
0.146 |
0.159 |
0.177 |
0.184 |
31 |
0.136 |
0.143 |
0.157 |
0.174 |
0.181 |
32 |
0.134 |
0.141 |
0.154 |
0.172 |
0.179 |
33 |
0.132 |
0.139 |
0.152 |
0.169 |
0.176 |
34 |
0.130 |
0.137 |
0.150 |
0.167 |
0.173 |
35 |
0.128 |
0.135 |
0.148 |
0.164 |
0.171 |
36 |
0.126 |
0.134 |
0.146 |
0.162 |
0.169 |
37 |
0.125 |
0.132 |
0.144 |
0.160 |
0.167 |
38 |
0.123 |
0.130 |
0.142 |
0.158 |
0.164 |
39 |
0.122 |
0.129 |
0.140 |
0.156 |
0.162 |
40 |
0.120 |
0.127 |
0.139 |
0.154 |
0.160 |
41 |
0.119 |
0.126 |
0.137 |
0.152 |
0.159 |
42 |
0.117 |
0.124 |
0.136 |
0.151 |
0.157 |
43 |
0.116 |
0.123 |
0.134 |
0.149 |
0.155 |
44 |
0.115 |
0.121 |
0.133 |
0.147 |
0.153 |
45 |
0.114 |
0.120 |
0.131 |
0.146 |
0.152 |
46 |
0.112 |
0.119 |
0.130 |
0.144 |
0.150 |
47 |
0.111 |
0.118 |
0.128 |
0.143 |
0.149 |
48 |
0.110 |
0.116 |
0.127 |
0.141 |
0.147 |
49 |
0.109 |
0.115 |
0.126 |
0.140 |
0.146 |
50 |
0.108 |
0.114 |
0.125 |
0.139 |
0.144 |
>50 |
0.775/S |
0.819/S |
0.895/S |
0.955/S |
1.035/S |
where S = n – 0.01 + (0.85 ⁄ n)
Tables |
835 |
|
|
Table B Critical values of Kendall’s rank-order correlation coefficient τa for given numbers of objects n. A value of τa larger than or equal to the tabulated value is significant at level α shown in the header of the Table (first row: one-tailed test; second row: two-tailed test). Derived from Table 1 of Best (1974), with permission of the author.
α (one-tailed) = |
0.10 |
0.05 |
0.025 |
0.01 |
0.005 |
α (two-tailed) = |
0.20 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
n |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
1.00000 |
1.00000 |
––– |
––– |
––– |
5 |
0.80000 |
0.80000 |
1.00000 |
1.00000 |
––– |
6 |
0.60000 |
0.73333 |
0.86667 |
0.86667 |
1.00000 |
7 |
0.52381 |
0.61905 |
0.71429 |
0.80952 |
0.90476 |
8 |
0.42857 |
0.57143 |
0.64286 |
0.71429 |
0.78571 |
9 |
0.38889 |
0.50000 |
0.55556 |
0.66667 |
0.72222 |
10 |
0.37778 |
0.46667 |
0.51111 |
0.60000 |
0.64444 |
11 |
0.34545 |
0.41818 |
0.49091 |
0.56364 |
0.60000 |
12 |
0.30303 |
0.39394 |
0.45455 |
0.54545 |
0.57576 |
13 |
0.30769 |
0.35897 |
0.43590 |
0.51282 |
0.56410 |
14 |
0.27473 |
0.36264 |
0.40659 |
0.47253 |
0.51648 |
15 |
0.27619 |
0.33333 |
0.39048 |
0.46667 |
0.50476 |
16 |
0.25000 |
0.31667 |
0.38333 |
0.43333 |
0.48333 |
17 |
0.25000 |
0.30882 |
0.36765 |
0.42647 |
0.47059 |
18 |
0.24183 |
0.29412 |
0.34641 |
0.41176 |
0.45098 |
19 |
0.22807 |
0.28655 |
0.33333 |
0.39181 |
0.43860 |
20 |
0.22105 |
0.27368 |
0.32632 |
0.37895 |
0.42105 |
21 |
0.20952 |
0.26667 |
0.31429 |
0.37143 |
0.40952 |
22 |
0.20346 |
0.26407 |
0.30736 |
0.35931 |
0.39394 |
23 |
0.20158 |
0.25692 |
0.29644 |
0.35178 |
0.39130 |
24 |
0.19565 |
0.24638 |
0.28986 |
0.34058 |
0.37681 |
25 |
0.19333 |
0.24000 |
0.28667 |
0.33333 |
0.36667 |
26 |
0.18769 |
0.23692 |
0.28000 |
0.32923 |
0.36000 |
27 |
0.17949 |
0.23077 |
0.27066 |
0.32194 |
0.35613 |
28 |
0.17989 |
0.22751 |
0.26455 |
0.31217 |
0.34392 |
29 |
0.17241 |
0.22167 |
0.26108 |
0.31034 |
0.33990 |
30 |
0.17241 |
0.21839 |
0.25517 |
0.30115 |
0.33333 |
31 |
0.16559 |
0.21290 |
0.25161 |
0.29462 |
0.32473 |
32 |
0.16532 |
0.20968 |
0.24597 |
0.29032 |
0.32258 |
33 |
0.16288 |
0.20455 |
0.24242 |
0.28788 |
0.31439 |
34 |
0.15865 |
0.20143 |
0.23708 |
0.27986 |
0.31194 |
35 |
0.15630 |
0.19664 |
0.23361 |
0.27731 |
0.30420 |
36 |
0.15238 |
0.19365 |
0.23175 |
0.27302 |
0.30159 |
37 |
0.15015 |
0.19219 |
0.22823 |
0.26727 |
0.29730 |
38 |
0.14936 |
0.18919 |
0.22333 |
0.26316 |
0.29161 |
39 |
0.14710 |
0.18758 |
0.21997 |
0.26046 |
0.28745 |
40 |
0.14359 |
0.18462 |
0.21795 |
0.25641 |
0.28462 |
41 |
0.14146 |
0.18049 |
0.21463 |
0.25366 |
0.28049 |
42 |
0.14053 |
0.17770 |
0.21254 |
0.24971 |
0.27526 |
43 |
0.13843 |
0.17608 |
0.20930 |
0.24695 |
0.27353 |
44 |
0.13742 |
0.17336 |
0.20719 |
0.24313 |
0.26850 |
45 |
0.13535 |
0.17172 |
0.20404 |
0.24040 |
0.26667 |
46 |
0.13237 |
0.16908 |
0.20193 |
0.23865 |
0.26377 |
47 |
0.13228 |
0.16744 |
0.19889 |
0.23589 |
0.25994 |
48 |
0.12943 |
0.16667 |
0.19681 |
0.23227 |
0.25709 |
49 |
0.12925 |
0.16327 |
0.19558 |
0.22959 |
0.25340 |
50 |
0.12653 |
0.16245 |
0.19184 |
0.22776 |
0.25061 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
836 |
Tables |
|
|
Table C Species diversity M(n') as a function of the number of species n', according to the broken stick model. This Table may be used (1) to estimate the broken stick diversity, M, corresponding to the observed number of species n = n', or (2) to find the number of species n' predicted by the model, for a computed diversity H(n) = M(n'). From Lloyd & Ghelardi (1964) by permission of Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. See Subsection 6.5.2 for explanations.
n' |
M(n') |
n' |
M(n') |
n' |
M(n') |
n' |
M(n') |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
0.0000 |
51 |
5.0941 |
102 |
6.0792 |
205 |
7.0783 |
2 |
0.8113 |
52 |
5.1215 |
104 |
6.1069 |
210 |
7.1128 |
3 |
1.2997 |
53 |
5.1485 |
106 |
6.1341 |
215 |
7.1466 |
4 |
1.6556 |
54 |
5.1749 |
108 |
6.1608 |
220 |
7.1796 |
5 |
1.9374 |
55 |
5.2009 |
110 |
6.1870 |
225 |
7.2118 |
6 |
2.1712 |
56 |
5.2264 |
112 |
6.2128 |
230 |
7.2434 |
7 |
2.3714 |
57 |
5.2515 |
114 |
6.2380 |
235 |
7.2743 |
8 |
2.5465 |
58 |
5.2761 |
116 |
6.2629 |
240 |
7.3045 |
9 |
2.7022 |
59 |
5.3004 |
118 |
6.2873 |
245 |
7.3341 |
10 |
2.8425 |
60 |
5.3242 |
120 |
6.3113 |
250 |
7.3631 |
11 |
2.9701 |
61 |
5.3476 |
122 |
6.3350 |
255 |
7.3915 |
12 |
3.0872 |
62 |
5.3707 |
124 |
6.3582 |
260 |
7.4194 |
13 |
3.1954 |
63 |
5.3934 |
126 |
6.3811 |
265 |
7.4468 |
14 |
3.2960 |
64 |
5.4157 |
128 |
6.4036 |
270 |
7.4736 |
15 |
3.3899 |
65 |
5.4378 |
130 |
6.4258 |
275 |
7.5000 |
16 |
3.4780 |
66 |
5.4594 |
132 |
6.4476 |
280 |
7.5259 |
17 |
3.5611 |
67 |
5.4808 |
134 |
6.4691 |
285 |
7.5513 |
18 |
3.6395 |
68 |
5.5018 |
136 |
6.4903 |
290 |
7.5763 |
19 |
3.7139 |
69 |
5.5226 |
138 |
6.5112 |
295 |
7.6008 |
20 |
3.7846 |
70 |
5.5430 |
140 |
6.5318 |
300 |
7.6250 |
21 |
3.8520 |
71 |
5.5632 |
142 |
6.5521 |
310 |
7.6721 |
22 |
3.9163 |
72 |
5.5830 |
144 |
6.5721 |
320 |
7.7177 |
23 |
3.9779 |
73 |
5.6027 |
146 |
6.5919 |
330 |
7.7620 |
24 |
4.0369 |
74 |
5.6220 |
148 |
6.6114 |
340 |
7.8049 |
25 |
4.0937 |
75 |
5.6411 |
150 |
6.6306 |
350 |
7.8465 |
26 |
4.1482 |
76 |
5.6599 |
152 |
6.6495 |
360 |
7.8870 |
27 |
4.2008 |
77 |
5.6785 |
154 |
6.6683 |
370 |
7.9264 |
28 |
4.2515 |
78 |
5.6969 |
156 |
6.6867 |
380 |
7.9648 |
29 |
4.3004 |
79 |
5.7150 |
158 |
6.7050 |
390 |
8.0022 |
30 |
4.3478 |
80 |
5.7329 |
160 |
6.7230 |
400 |
8.0386 |
31 |
4.3936 |
81 |
5.7506 |
162 |
6.7408 |
410 |
8.0741 |
32 |
4.4381 |
82 |
5.7681 |
164 |
6.7584 |
420 |
8.1087 |
33 |
4.4812 |
83 |
5.7853 |
166 |
6.7757 |
430 |
8.1426 |
34 |
4.5230 |
84 |
5.8024 |
168 |
6.7929 |
440 |
8.1757 |
35 |
4.5637 |
85 |
5.8192 |
170 |
6.8099 |
450 |
8.2080 |
36 |
4.6032 |
86 |
5.8359 |
172 |
6.8266 |
460 |
8.2396 |
37 |
4.6417 |
87 |
5.8524 |
174 |
6.8432 |
470 |
8.2706 |
38 |
4.6792 |
88 |
5.8687 |
176 |
6.8596 |
480 |
8.3009 |
39 |
4.7157 |
89 |
5.8848 |
178 |
6.8758 |
490 |
8.3305 |
40 |
4.7513 |
90 |
5.9007 |
180 |
6.8918 |
500 |
8.3596 |
41 |
4.7861 |
91 |
5.9164 |
182 |
6.9076 |
550 |
8.4968 |
42 |
4.8200 |
92 |
5.9320 |
184 |
6.9233 |
600 |
8.6220 |
43 |
4.8532 |
93 |
5.9474 |
186 |
6.9388 |
650 |
8.7373 |
44 |
4.8856 |
94 |
5.9627 |
188 |
6.9541 |
700 |
8.8440 |
45 |
4.9173 |
95 |
5.9778 |
190 |
6.9693 |
750 |
8.9434 |
46 |
4.9483 |
96 |
5.9927 |
192 |
6.9843 |
800 |
9.0363 |
47 |
4.9787 |
97 |
6.0075 |
194 |
6.9992 |
850 |
9.1236 |
48 |
5.0084 |
98 |
6.0221 |
196 |
7.0139 |
900 |
9.2060 |
49 |
5.0375 |
99 |
6.0366 |
198 |
7.0284 |
950 |
9.2839 |
50 |
5.0661 |
100 |
6.0510 |
200 |
7.0429 |
1 000 |
9.3578 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tables |
837 |
|
|
Table D Percentage of the total variance of a principal component analysis associated with the successive eigenvalues λi , according to the broken stick model, for p = 2 to 20 principal axes. See Subsection 9.1.6 and Table 9.4. Further values may be computed using eq. 6.49. From Frontier (1976), with permission of the author and Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.
p = |
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
λ1 |
|
75.00 |
61.11 |
52.08 |
45.67 |
40.83 |
37.04 |
33.97 |
31.43 |
29.29 |
λ2 |
|
25.00 |
27.78 |
27.08 |
25.67 |
24.17 |
22.76 |
21.47 |
20.32 |
19.29 |
λ3 |
|
|
11.11 |
14.58 |
15.67 |
15.83 |
15.61 |
15.22 |
14.77 |
14.29 |
λ4 |
|
|
|
6.25 |
9.00 |
10.68 |
10.85 |
11.06 |
11.06 |
10.96 |
λ5 |
|
|
|
|
4.00 |
6.11 |
7.28 |
7.93 |
8.28 |
8.46 |
λ6 |
|
|
|
|
|
2.78 |
4.42 |
5.43 |
6.06 |
6.46 |
λ7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.04 |
3.35 |
4.21 |
4.79 |
λ8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.56 |
2.62 |
3.36 |
λ9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.23 |
2.11 |
λ10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.00 |
p = |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
λ1 |
27.45 |
25.86 |
24.46 |
23.23 |
22.12 |
21.13 |
20.23 |
19.42 |
18.67 |
17.99 |
λ2 |
18.36 |
17.53 |
16.77 |
16.08 |
15.45 |
14.88 |
14.35 |
13.86 |
13.41 |
12.99 |
λ3 |
13.82 |
13.36 |
12.92 |
12.51 |
12.12 |
11.75 |
11.41 |
11.08 |
10.78 |
10.49 |
λ4 |
10.79 |
10.58 |
10.36 |
10.13 |
9.90 |
9.67 |
9.45 |
9.23 |
9.02 |
8.82 |
λ5 |
8.51 |
8.50 |
8.44 |
8.34 |
8.23 |
8.11 |
7.98 |
7.84 |
7.71 |
7.57 |
λ6 |
6.70 |
6.83 |
6.90 |
6.92 |
6.90 |
6.86 |
6.80 |
6.73 |
6.65 |
6.57 |
λ7 |
5.18 |
5.44 |
5.62 |
5.73 |
5.79 |
5.82 |
5.82 |
5.81 |
5.78 |
5.74 |
λ8 |
3.88 |
4.25 |
4.52 |
4.71 |
4.84 |
4.92 |
4.98 |
5.01 |
5.03 |
5.02 |
λ9 |
2.75 |
3.21 |
3.56 |
3.81 |
4.00 |
4.14 |
4.25 |
4.32 |
4.37 |
4.40 |
λ10 |
1.74 |
2.29 |
2.70 |
3.02 |
3.26 |
3.45 |
3.59 |
3.70 |
3.78 |
3.84 |
λ11 |
0.83 |
1.45 |
1.93 |
2.30 |
2.60 |
2.82 |
3.00 |
3.15 |
3.26 |
3.34 |
λ12 |
|
0.69 |
1.23 |
1.65 |
1.99 |
2.26 |
2.47 |
2.64 |
2.78 |
2.89 |
λ13 |
|
|
0.59 |
1.06 |
1.43 |
1.73 |
1.98 |
2.18 |
2.34 |
2.47 |
λ14 |
|
|
|
0.51 |
0.92 |
1.25 |
1.53 |
1.75 |
1.93 |
2.09 |
λ15 |
|
|
|
|
0.44 |
0.81 |
1.11 |
1.35 |
1.56 |
1.73 |
λ16 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.39 |
0.71 |
0.98 |
1.21 |
1.40 |
λ17 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.35 |
0.64 |
0.88 |
1.09 |
λ18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.31 |
0.57 |
0.79 |
λ19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.28 |
0.51 |
λ20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.25 |
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