1. Decide whether the statements are true or false. Discuss the answers in groups.

1. ‘Primary rules’ of international law encompass the law of State responsibility.

2. The breach of rules protecting reciprocal interests of States brings to life a synallagmatic relation and entails ‘ordinary responsibility’

3. The emergence in the world community of values deemed of universal significance has led to collective or so-called aggravated responsibility.

4. Both ‘ordinary’ and ‘aggravated’ state responsibility share the same legal regulation of the subjective and objective elements of responsibility.

5. As regards aggravated responsibility, a legal injury brought about to the right of State is treated as damage

6. In cases of ‘aggravated responsibility’ the wronged State doesn’t have to prove the intent of the delinquent State.

7. The consequences of the wrongful act in cases of aggravated responsibility encompass community relations between the wrongdoer and other State and the material or moral damage, if any, is an indispensable element.

II. Give extensive answers to the questions making use of the following expressions

As was pointed out	The state in question/at issue	At any rate
At the outset	It inevitably entails	It accounts for
It is worth mentioning	It advocates principles	In short
The same holds true for	Among other things	Suffice it to say

• 1.What kind of a distinction can be made between ‘primary rules’ and ‘secondary rules’ of international law?

• 2.What does the notion ‘primary rules’ of international law (and correspondingly ‘secondary rules’ of international law) encompass?

• 3.What is the value of current rules on State responsibility?

• 4.What forms does State responsibility fall into these days?

• 5.Where does the difference lie between traditional and modern approaches to cases of international wrongdoing?

• 6.Which steps can be taken by injured State in case of wrongdoing nowadays?

• 7.How is the notion of ‘individual criminal liability’ construed these days?

• 8.When can State responsibility and individual criminal liability be intertwined?

• 9.What wrongful acts entail ‘ordinary’ State responsibility?

• 10.What are synallagmatic obligations of States aimed at?

• 11.When does aggravated responsibility come out?

• 12.What is the nature and gravity of the international obligation breached as regards aggravated responsibility?

• 13.What are possible corollaries of the wrongful act in regard to ‘ordinary’ and ‘aggravated’ responsibility compared?

III. Summarizing

Sum up the main points presented in Test 1. Write the plan of the text in the form of statements. Develop your plan into a summary.

IV. Render the text into English ответственность в международном праве Что понимается под международно-правовой ответственностью и когда она наступает?

Ответственность субъекта международного права возникает в силу нарушения им международно-правового обязательства. Это нарушение объективно выражено в форме международно-правового деяния субъекта, которое совершается им как путем активного дей­ствия, так и бездействия. Международно-правовая ответственность предусматривает применение к субъектам, совершившим правона­рушения, предусмотренные нормами международного права, меры принуждения в установленном для этого процессуальном порядке.

Международно-правовая ответственность — это разновидность юридической ответственности. Поэтому она связана с принуждени­ем, с практическим применением к правонарушителю международ­но-правовых санкций.