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II. Match the words making pairs used in the text, and use them in sentences of your own.

1 binding

a process

2 peremptory

b treaties

3 declare a treaty

c freedom

4 to set

d obligations

5 a limited

e the interests

6 State

f parties

7 prove to be

g undertaking

8 to invalidate

h provisions

9 legally binding

i a dispute

10 contracting

j null and void

11 to satisfy

k responsibility

12 to impose

l purpose

13 unfettered

m norms

14 bilateral and multilateral

n incompatible

15 lawmaking

o a treaty

III. Match these Latin words with their definitions.

1 Jus cogens

[dʒ∧s ‘kougenz]

a given below

2 Infra

[infrә]

b an essential element of custom which means that the opinion of law is compulsory

3 Opinio juris

[ә’piniou ‘dʒuәrәs]

c something which has happened earlier than the present; precedent

4 Opinio necessitatis

[ә’piniou nә,sesә‘tætis]

d a rule in international law; peremptory norms

5 Usus

[‘ju:ses]

e in the occasion; in an event

6 Diuturnitas

[diә’tә:nitәs]

f unwritten law, custom

7 In casu

[in ‘keis(j)u:]

g an essential element of custom which requires that custom should be regarded as a legal obligation

Complete the sentences below using these Latin words.

  1. Customary rules based on _______________, that by now has turned into ____________, are the rules on the continental shelf.

  2. Whenever there exist at the outset conflicting interests, the ______ element may acquire greater importance for the formation of a customary rule.

  3. As we can see ______ the fundamental elements constituting custom are usus or ___________.

  4. ____________ is hierarchilly super to all the other rules of international law.

  5. Some cases have been brought before national courts where jus cogens was in fact the ratio decidendi, not however for declaring a treaty null and void, but rather for the limited purpose of not applying ________ one of its otherwise binding provisions.

IV. Match the synonyms and use them in the sentences of your own.

1. Updating and elaboration

a. to expound, construe

2. to interpret

b. honestly, fairly

3. tacit

c. to include, comprise

4. to enshrine

d. modernization, refinement

5. vigorous

e. silent, unspoken

6. in good faith

f. to stand in the way, bind

7. to hamper

g. decisive, crucial